Ultrahigh-energy photons up to 1.4 petaelectronvolts from 12 γ-ray Galactic sources.

Autor: Cao Z; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. caozh@ihep.ac.cn.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. caozh@ihep.ac.cn.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. caozh@ihep.ac.cn., Aharonian FA; Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin, Ireland. felix.aharonian@mpi-hd.mpg.de.; Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany. felix.aharonian@mpi-hd.mpg.de., An Q; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China., Axikegu; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Bai LX; College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Bai YX; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Bao YW; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China., Bastieri D; Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China., Bi XJ; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Bi YJ; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Cai H; School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China., Cai JT; Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China., Cao Z; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China., Chang J; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Chang JF; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China., Chang XC; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Chen BM; Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China., Chen J; College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Chen L; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Chen L; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China., Chen L; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Chen MJ; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Chen ML; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China., Chen QH; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Chen SH; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Chen SZ; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. chensz@ihep.ac.cn.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. chensz@ihep.ac.cn., Chen TL; Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa, Tibet, China., Chen XL; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Chen Y; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China., Cheng N; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Cheng YD; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Cui SW; Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China., Cui XH; National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Cui YD; School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China., Dai BZ; School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China., Dai HL; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Dai ZG; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China., Danzengluobu; Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa, Tibet, China., Della Volpe D; Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland., D Ettorre Piazzoli B; Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Naples, Italy., Dong XJ; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Fan JH; Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China., Fan YZ; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Fan ZX; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Fang J; School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China., Fang K; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Feng CF; Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China., Feng L; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Feng SH; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Feng YL; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Gao B; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Gao CD; Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China., Gao Q; Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa, Tibet, China., Gao W; Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China., Ge MM; School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China., Geng LS; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Gong GH; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China., Gou QB; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Gu MH; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China., Guo JG; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Guo XL; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Guo YQ; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Guo YY; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Han YA; School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China., He HH; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., He HN; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., He JC; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., He SL; Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China., He XB; School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China., He Y; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Heller M; Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland., Hor YK; School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China., Hou C; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Hou X; Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China., Hu HB; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Hu S; College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Hu SC; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Hu XJ; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China., Huang DH; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Huang QL; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Huang WH; Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China., Huang XT; Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China., Huang ZC; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Ji F; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Ji XL; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China., Jia HY; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Jiang K; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China., Jiang ZJ; School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China., Jin C; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Kuleshov D; Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia., Levochkin K; Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia., Li BB; Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China., Li C; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Li C; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China., Li F; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China., Li HB; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Li HC; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Li HY; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Li J; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China., Li K; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Li WL; Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China., Li X; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China., Li X; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Li XR; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Li Y; College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Li YZ; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Li Z; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Li Z; School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China., Liang EW; School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China., Liang YF; School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China., Lin SJ; School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China., Liu B; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China., Liu C; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Liu D; Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China., Liu H; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Liu HD; School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China., Liu J; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Liu JL; Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China., Liu JS; School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China., Liu JY; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Liu MY; Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa, Tibet, China., Liu RY; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. ryliu@nju.edu.cn., Liu SM; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Liu W; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Liu YN; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China., Liu ZX; College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Long WJ; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Lu R; School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China., Lv HK; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Ma BQ; School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China., Ma LL; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Ma XH; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Mao JR; Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China., Masood A; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Mitthumsiri W; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand., Montaruli T; Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland., Nan YC; Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China., Pang BY; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Pattarakijwanich P; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand., Pei ZY; Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China., Qi MY; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Ruffolo D; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand., Rulev V; Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia., Sáiz A; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand., Shao L; Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China., Shchegolev O; Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia., Sheng XD; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Shi JR; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Song HC; School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China., Stenkin YV; Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia., Stepanov V; Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia., Sun QN; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Sun XN; School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China., Sun ZB; National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Tam PHT; School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China., Tang ZB; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China., Tian WW; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Wang BD; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Wang C; National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Wang H; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Wang HG; Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China., Wang JC; Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China., Wang JS; Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China., Wang LP; Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China., Wang LY; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Wang RN; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Wang W; School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China., Wang W; School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China., Wang XG; School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China., Wang XJ; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Wang XY; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China., Wang YD; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Wang YJ; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Wang YP; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Wang Z; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China., Wang Z; Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China., Wang ZH; College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Wang ZX; School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China., Wei DM; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Wei JJ; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Wei YJ; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Wen T; School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China., Wu CY; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Wu HR; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Wu S; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Wu WX; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Wu XF; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Xi SQ; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Xia J; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Xia JJ; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Xiang GM; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China., Xiao G; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Xiao HB; Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China., Xin GG; School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China., Xin YL; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Xing Y; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China., Xu DL; Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China., Xu RX; School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China., Xue L; Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China., Yan DH; Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China., Yang CW; College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Yang FF; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China., Yang JY; School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China., Yang LL; School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China., Yang MJ; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Yang RZ; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. yangrz@ustc.edu.cn., Yang SB; School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China., Yao YH; College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Yao ZG; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Ye YM; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China., Yin LQ; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Yin N; Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China., You XH; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., You ZY; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Yu YH; Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China., Yuan Q; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Zeng HD; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Zeng TX; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China., Zeng W; School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China., Zeng ZK; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Zha M; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Zhai XX; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Zhang BB; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China., Zhang HM; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China., Zhang HY; Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China., Zhang JL; National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Zhang JW; College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Zhang L; Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China., Zhang L; School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China., Zhang LX; Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China., Zhang PF; School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China., Zhang PP; Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China., Zhang R; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Zhang SR; Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China., Zhang SS; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Zhang X; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China., Zhang XP; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Zhang Y; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Zhang Y; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China., Zhang YF; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Zhang YL; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Zhao B; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Zhao J; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Zhao L; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China.; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China., Zhao LZ; Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China., Zhao SP; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.; Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China., Zheng F; National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Zheng Y; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Zhou B; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Zhou H; Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China., Zhou JN; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China., Zhou P; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China., Zhou R; College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Zhou XX; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Zhu CG; Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China., Zhu FR; School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China., Zhu H; National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Zhu KJ; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China., Zuo X; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Nature [Nature] 2021 Jun; Vol. 594 (7861), pp. 33-36. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 May 17.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03498-z
Abstrakt: The extension of the cosmic-ray spectrum beyond 1 petaelectronvolt (PeV; 10 15 electronvolts) indicates the existence of the so-called PeVatrons-cosmic-ray factories that accelerate particles to PeV energies. We need to locate and identify such objects to find the origin of Galactic cosmic rays 1 . The principal signature of both electron and proton PeVatrons is ultrahigh-energy (exceeding 100 TeV) γ radiation. Evidence of the presence of a proton PeVatron has been found in the Galactic Centre, according to the detection of a hard-spectrum radiation extending to 0.04 PeV (ref. 2 ). Although γ-rays with energies slightly higher than 0.1 PeV have been reported from a few objects in the Galactic plane 3-6 , unbiased identification and in-depth exploration of PeVatrons requires detection of γ-rays with energies well above 0.1 PeV. Here we report the detection of more than 530 photons at energies above 100 teraelectronvolts and up to 1.4 PeV from 12 ultrahigh-energy γ-ray sources with a statistical significance greater than seven standard deviations. Despite having several potential counterparts in their proximity, including pulsar wind nebulae, supernova remnants and star-forming regions, the PeVatrons responsible for the ultrahigh-energy γ-rays have not yet been firmly localized and identified (except for the Crab Nebula), leaving open the origin of these extreme accelerators.
Databáze: MEDLINE