| Autor: |
Gallardo-Sánchez MA; Departamento de Ingeniería de Proyectos, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 44430, Mexico., Diaz-Vidal T; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 44430, Mexico., Navarro-Hermosillo AB; Departamento de Ingeniería de Proyectos, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 44430, Mexico., Figueroa-Ochoa EB; Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 44430, Mexico., Ramirez Casillas R; Departamento de Madera Celulosa y Papel, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan C.P. 45020, Mexico., Anzaldo Hernández J; Departamento de Madera Celulosa y Papel, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan C.P. 45020, Mexico., Rosales-Rivera LC; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 44430, Mexico., Soltero Martínez JFA; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 44430, Mexico., García Enríquez S; Departamento de Madera Celulosa y Papel, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan C.P. 45020, Mexico., Macías-Balleza ER; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 44430, Mexico. |
| Abstrakt: |
A multilevel factorial design of 2 3 with 12 experiments was developed for the preparation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul bagasse, an agro-industrial waste from tequila production. The studied parameters were acid type (H 2 SO 4 and HCl), acid concentration (60 and 65 wt% for H 2 SO 4 , 2 and 8N for HCl) temperature (40 and 60 °C for H 2 SO 4 , 50 and 90 °C for HCl), and hydrolysis time (40, 55 and 70 min for H 2 SO 4 ; and 30, 115 and 200 min for HCl). The obtained CNC were physical and chemically characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XDR) techniques. The maximum CNC yield was 90 and 96% for HCL and H 2 SO 4 , respectively, and the crystallinity values ranged from 88-91%. The size and morphology of A. tequilana CNC strongly depends on the acid type and hydrolysis time. The shortest CNC obtained with H 2 SO 4 (65 wt%, 40 °C, and 70 min) had a length of 137 ± 68 nm, width 33 ± 7 nm, and height 9.1 nm, whereas the shortest CNC obtained with HCl (2 N, 50 °C and 30 min) had a length of 216 ± 73 nm, width 69 ± 17 nm, and height 8.9 nm. In general, the obtained CNC had an ellipsoidal shape, whereas CNC prepared from H 2 SO 4 were shorter and thinner than those obtained with HCl. The total sulfate group content of CNC obtained with H 2 SO 4 increased with time, temperature, and acid concentration, exhibiting an exponential behavior of CSG=aebt. |
