Unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons.

Autor:	Vollmer MK; Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Martin.Vollmer@empa.ch., Mühle J; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093., Henne S; Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland., Young D; Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom., Rigby M; Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom., Mitrevski B; Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Aspendale, VIC 3195, Australia., Park S; Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea., Lunder CR; Monitoring and Instrumentation Technology Department, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway., Rhee TS; Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea., Harth CM; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093., Hill M; Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland., Langenfelds RL; Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Aspendale, VIC 3195, Australia., Guillevic M; Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland., Schlauri PM; Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland., Hermansen O; Monitoring and Instrumentation Technology Department, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway., Arduini J; Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy.; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Italian National Research Council, 40129 Bologna, Italy., Wang RHJ; School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332., Salameh PK; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093., Maione M; Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy.; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Italian National Research Council, 40129 Bologna, Italy., Krummel PB; Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Aspendale, VIC 3195, Australia., Reimann S; Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland., O'Doherty S; Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom., Simmonds PG; Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom., Fraser PJ; Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Aspendale, VIC 3195, Australia., Prinn RG; Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139., Weiss RF; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093., Steele LP; Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Aspendale, VIC 3195, Australia.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2021 Feb 02; Vol. 118 (5).
DOI:	10.1073/pnas.2010914118
Abstrakt:	Global and regional atmospheric measurements and modeling can play key roles in discovering and quantifying unexpected nascent emissions of environmentally important substances. We focus here on three hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that are restricted by the Montreal Protocol because of their roles in stratospheric ozone depletion. Based on measurements of archived air samples and on in situ measurements at stations of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network, we report global abundances, trends, and regional enhancements for HCFC-132b ([Formula: see text]), which is newly discovered in the atmosphere, and updated results for HCFC-133a ([Formula: see text]) and HCFC-31 ([Formula: see text]ClF). No purposeful end-use is known for any of these compounds. We find that HCFC-132b appeared in the atmosphere 20 y ago and that its global emissions increased to 1.1 Gg⋅y -1 by 2019. Regional top-down emission estimates for East Asia, based on high-frequency measurements for 2016-2019, account for ∼95% of the global HCFC-132b emissions and for ∼80% of the global HCFC-133a emissions of 2.3 Gg⋅y -1 during this period. Global emissions of HCFC-31 for the same period are 0.71 Gg⋅y -1 Small European emissions of HCFC-132b and HCFC-133a, found in southeastern France, ceased in early 2017 when a fluorocarbon production facility in that area closed. Although unreported emissive end-uses cannot be ruled out, all three compounds are most likely emitted as intermediate by-products in chemical production pathways. Identification of harmful emissions to the atmosphere at an early stage can guide the effective development of global and regional environmental policy. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest.
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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