Irrigation of wheat with select hydraulic fracturing chemicals: Evaluating plant uptake and growth impacts.

Autor: Shariq L; Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA., McLaughlin MC; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 1320 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA., Rehberg RA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA., Miller H; Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, 1170 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA., Blotevogel J; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 1320 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA., Borch T; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 1320 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, 1170 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. Electronic address: thomas.borch@colostate.edu.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) [Environ Pollut] 2020 Dec 29; Vol. 273, pp. 116402. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Dec 29.
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116402
Abstrakt: Oilfield flowback and produced water (FPW) is a waste stream that may offer an alternative source of water for multiple beneficial uses. One practice gaining interest in several semi-arid states is the reuse of FPW for agricultural irrigation. However, it is unknown if the reuse of FPW on edible crops could increase health risks from ingestion of exposed food, or impact crop growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using wheat (Triticum aestivum) to investigate the uptake potential of select hydraulic fracturing additives known to be associated with health risks. The selected chemicals included acrylamide, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), diethanolamine, and tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC). Mature wheat grain was extracted and analyzed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-QQQ) to quantify chemical uptake. Plant development observations were also documented to evaluate impacts of the chemicals on crop yield. Analytical results indicated that TMAC and diethanolamine had significantly higher uptake into both wheat grain and stems than control plants which were not exposed to the four chemicals under investigation. Acrylamide was measured in statistically higher concentrations in the stems only, while DDAC was not detected in grain or stems. Growth impacts included lodging in treated wheat plants due to increased stem height and grain weight, potentially resulting from increased nitrogen application. While analytical results show that uptake of select hydraulic fracturing chemicals in wheat grain and stems is measurable, reuse of FPW for irrigation in real world scenarios would likely result in less uptake because water would be subject to natural degradation, and often treatment and dilution practices. Nonetheless, based on the outstanding data gaps associated with this research topic, chemical specific treatment and regulatory safeguards are still recommended.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing interest The authors report no conflicts of interest.
(Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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