The decline of butterflies in Europe: Problems, significance, and possible solutions.

Autor:	Warren MS; Butterfly Conservation Europe, East Lulworth, Dorset BH20 5QP, United Kingdom; martin.warren@bc-europe.eu., Maes D; Species Diversity Group, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium., van Swaay CAM; Dutch Butterfly Conservation, NL-6700 AM Wageningen, the Netherlands., Goffart P; Département d'Etude du Milieu Naturel et Agricole, Service Public de Wallonie, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium., Van Dyck H; Behavioural Ecology and Conservation Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium., Bourn NAD; Butterfly Conservation, East Lulworth, Dorset BH20 5QP, United Kingdom., Wynhoff I; Dutch Butterfly Conservation, NL-6700 AM Wageningen, the Netherlands., Hoare D; Butterfly Conservation, East Lulworth, Dorset BH20 5QP, United Kingdom., Ellis S; Butterfly Conservation, East Lulworth, Dorset BH20 5QP, United Kingdom.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2021 Jan 12; Vol. 118 (2).
DOI:	10.1073/pnas.2002551117
Abstrakt:	We review changes in the status of butterflies in Europe, focusing on long-running population data available for the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Belgium, based on standardized monitoring transects. In the United Kingdom, 8% of resident species have become extinct, and since 1976 overall numbers declined by around 50%. In the Netherlands, 20% of species have become extinct, and since 1990 overall numbers in the country declined by 50%. Distribution trends showed that butterfly distributions began decreasing long ago, and between 1890 and 1940, distributions declined by 80%. In Flanders (Belgium), 20 butterflies have become extinct (29%), and between 1992 and 2007 overall numbers declined by around 30%. A European Grassland Butterfly Indicator from 16 European countries shows there has been a 39% decline of grassland butterflies since 1990. The 2010 Red List of European butterflies listed 38 of the 482 European species (8%) as threatened and 44 species (10%) as near threatened (note that 47 species were not assessed). A country level analysis indicates that the average Red List rating is highest in central and mid-Western Europe and lowest in the far north of Europe and around the Mediterranean. The causes of the decline of butterflies are thought to be similar in most countries, mainly habitat loss and degradation and chemical pollution. Climate change is allowing many species to spread northward while bringing new threats to susceptible species. We describe examples of possible conservation solutions and a summary of policy changes needed to conserve butterflies and other insects. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest.
Databáze:	MEDLINE
Externí odkaz:	Zobrazit plný text záznamu