Investigation of factors controlling PM 2.5 variability across the South Korean Peninsula during KORUS-AQ.

Autor: Jordan CE; National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Virginia, US.; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, US., Crawford JH; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, US., Beyersdorf AJ; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, US.; California State University, San Bernardino, California, US., Eck TF; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, US.; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland, US., Halliday HS; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, US.; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland, US.; EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, US., Nault BA; Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, US.; Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, US., Chang LS; National Institute of Environmental Research, Air Quality Research Division, Incheon, KR., Park J; National Institute of Environmental Research, Air Quality Research Division, Incheon, KR., Park R; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, KR., Lee G; Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, KR., Kim H; Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, KR.; Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, KR., Ahn JY; National Institute of Environmental Research, Air Quality Research Division, Incheon, KR., Cho S; Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Gyeonggi-do, KR., Shin HJ; National Institute of Environmental Research, Air Quality Research Division, Incheon, KR., Lee JH; Harim Engineering, Inc., Seoul, KR., Jung J; Center for Gas Analysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, KR., Kim DS; Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, KR., Lee M; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, KR., Lee T; Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, KR., Whitehill A; US EPA/Office of Research and Development/Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, US., Szykman J; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, US.; US EPA/Office of Research and Development/Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, US., Schueneman MK; Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, US.; Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, US., Campuzano-Jost P; Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, US.; Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, US., Jimenez JL; Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, US.; Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, US., DiGangi JP; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, US., Diskin GS; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, US., Anderson BE; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, US., Moore RH; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, US., Ziemba LD; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, US., Fenn MA; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, US.; Science Systems and Applications Inc., Hampton, Virginia, US., Hair JW; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, US., Kuehn RE; Space Sciences Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, US., Holz RE; Space Sciences Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, US., Chen G; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, US., Travis K; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, US.; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland, US., Shook M; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, US., Peterson DA; U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, California, US., Lamb KD; Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, US.; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado, US., Schwarz JP; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado, US.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Elementa (Washington, D.C.) [Elementa (Wash D C)] 2020; Vol. 8 (28).
DOI: 10.1525/elementa.424
Abstrakt: The Korea - United States Air Quality Study (May - June 2016) deployed instrumented aircraft and ground-based measurements to elucidate causes of poor air quality related to high ozone and aerosol concentrations in South Korea. This work synthesizes data pertaining to aerosols (specifically, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters <2.5 micrometers, PM 2.5 ) and conditions leading to violations of South Korean air quality standards (24-hr mean PM 2.5 < 35 μg m -3 ). PM 2.5 variability from AirKorea monitors across South Korea is evaluated. Detailed data from the Seoul vicinity are used to interpret factors that contribute to elevated PM 2.5 . The interplay between meteorology and surface aerosols, contrasting synoptic-scale behavior vs. local influences, is presented. Transboundary transport from upwind sources, vertical mixing and containment of aerosols, and local production of secondary aerosols are discussed. Two meteorological periods are probed for drivers of elevated PM 2.5 . Clear, dry conditions, with limited transport (Stagnant period), promoted photochemical production of secondary organic aerosol from locally emitted precursors. Cloudy humid conditions fostered rapid heterogeneous secondary inorganic aerosol production from local and transported emissions (Transport/Haze period), likely driven by a positive feedback mechanism where water uptake by aerosols increased gas-to-particle partitioning that increased water uptake. Further, clouds reduced solar insolation, suppressing mixing, exacerbating PM 2.5 accumulation in a shallow boundary layer. The combination of factors contributing to enhanced PM 2.5 is challenging to model, complicating quantification of contributions to PM 2.5 from local versus upwind precursors and production. We recommend co-locating additional continuous measurements at a few AirKorea sites across South Korea to help resolve this and other outstanding questions: carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide (transboundary transport tracer), boundary layer height (surface PM 2.5 mixing depth), and aerosol composition with aerosol liquid water (meteorologically-dependent secondary production). These data would aid future research to refine emissions targets to further improve South Korean PM 2.5 air quality.
Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors have no competing interests to declare.
Databáze: MEDLINE
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