Comparative Analysis of Pesticide Use Determinants Among Smallholder Farmers From Costa Rica and Uganda.

Autor:	Staudacher P; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, CHN, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland., Fuhrimann S; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, CM Utrecht, the Netherlands., Farnham A; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland., Mora AM; Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.; Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA., Atuhaire A; Uganda National Association of Community and Occupational Health (UNACOH), Kampala, Uganda., Niwagaba C; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda., Stamm C; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland., Eggen RI; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, CHN, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland., Winkler MS; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Environmental health insights [Environ Health Insights] 2020 Dec 14; Vol. 14, pp. 1178630220972417. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Dec 14 (Print Publication: 2020).
DOI:	10.1177/1178630220972417
Abstrakt:	Pesticides are used globally in agriculture and pose a threat to the health of farmers, communities, and the environment. Smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries have generally a low socio-economic status and educational level. Consequently, they are particularly vulnerable to negative impacts of pesticides on their health, yields, or land. In a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices study, we compared the pest management practices between a market-oriented farming system in Zarcero County, Costa Rica, and a subsistence-based farming system in Wakiso District, Uganda. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among smallholder farmers from Costa Rica (n = 300) in 2016 and from Uganda (n = 302) in 2017. We enrolled conventional and organic farmers, but also farmers with mixed practices and non-applicators of any pest management strategy. We found that the majority of pesticides used in both case studies are classified as highly hazardous by the World Health Organization. While more than 90% of smallholder farmers from both countries were aware of the negative health effects of pesticide exposure, <11% in Costa Rica and <2% in Uganda reported using personal protective equipment every time they handled or applied pesticides. Hygiene and other safe use practices were not adopted by all farmers (<61%), especially among farmers applying more hazardous pesticides. Conventional farmers from Costa Rica (14%) and Uganda (19%) reported disposing pesticide residuals into rivers. Using a logistic regression we found that organic farmers were more likely to having been trained on safe pesticide use practices. Using a robust regression, we observed that smallholder household income was primarily driven by education and not directly by the use of synthetic pesticides. Our results suggest that negative effects of pesticides can be managed over the whole life cycle, from purchase, via storage and application to residual and waste management by fostering professionalization of farmers. We advise future safe use and handling interventions to consider the pesticide use-related socioeconomic and demographic findings highlighted in this paper. Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interests:The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. (© The Author(s) 2020.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
Externí odkaz:	Zobrazit plný text záznamu