Avoidable Mortality Attributable to Anthropogenic Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) in Australia.

Autor: Hanigan IC; University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia.; Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia., Broome RA; Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.; Health Protection NSW, New South Wales Ministry of Health, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia., Chaston TB; University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia., Cope M; Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.; CSIRO, Melbourne, VIC 3195, Australia., Dennekamp M; Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.; Environmental Public Health Unit, Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia., Heyworth JS; Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.; School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6907, Australia., Heathcote K; University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.; School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia., Horsley JA; University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia., Jalaludin B; Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia., Jegasothy E; University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia., Johnston FH; Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia., Knibbs LD; Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia., Pereira G; Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.; Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.; Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway., Vardoulakis S; Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia., Vander Hoorn S; Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.; School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6907, Australia., Morgan GG; University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.; Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: International journal of environmental research and public health [Int J Environ Res Public Health] 2020 Dec 31; Vol. 18 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Dec 31.
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010254
Abstrakt: Ambient fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) air pollution increases premature mortality globally. Some PM 2.5 is natural, but anthropogenic PM 2.5 is comparatively avoidable. We determined the impact of long-term exposures to the anthropogenic PM component on mortality in Australia. PM 2.5 -attributable deaths were calculated for all Australian Statistical Area 2 (SA2; n = 2310) regions. All-cause death rates from Australian mortality and population databases were combined with annual anthropogenic PM 2.5 exposures for the years 2006-2016. Relative risk estimates were derived from the literature. Population-weighted average PM 2.5 concentrations were estimated in each SA2 using a satellite and land use regression model for Australia. PM 2.5 -attributable mortality was calculated using a health-impact assessment methodology with life tables and all-cause death rates. The changes in life expectancy (LE) from birth, years of life lost (YLL), and economic cost of lost life years were calculated using the 2019 value of a statistical life. Nationally, long-term population-weighted average total and anthropogenic PM 2.5 concentrations were 6.5 µg/m 3 (min 1.2-max 14.2) and 3.2 µg/m 3 (min 0-max 9.5), respectively. Annually, anthropogenic PM 2.5 -pollution is associated with 2616 (95% confidence intervals 1712, 3455) deaths, corresponding to a 0.2-year (95% CI 0.14, 0.28) reduction in LE for children aged 0-4 years, 38,962 (95%CI 25,391, 51,669) YLL and an average annual economic burden of $6.2 billion (95%CI $4.0 billion, $8.1 billion). We conclude that the anthropogenic PM 2.5 -related costs of mortality in Australia are higher than community standards should allow, and reductions in emissions are recommended to achieve avoidable mortality.
Databáze: MEDLINE