| Autor: |
Althobaiti YS; Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Health Science Campus, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Health Science Campus, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia.; General Directorate of Narcotics Control, General Administration for Precursors and Laboratories, Ministry of Interior, Riyadh 11134, Saudi Arabia., Alzahrani MA; Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Health Science Campus, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia., Alsharif NA; Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Health Science Campus, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia., Alrobaie NS; Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Health Science Campus, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia., Alsaab HO; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia., Uddin MN; College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. |
| Abstrakt: |
Introduction: Substance use disorder has been frequently reported to increase the risk of infectious diseases, which might be owing to the sharing of contaminated inhalation, smoking, vaping, or injection equipment. Aim: This review analyzes the recent literature with the aim to put in light the possible relationship between the abuse of different substances (Tobacco, opioid, and Alcohol) with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Tobacco: Multiple studies confirmed that cigarette smoking affects the respiratory system by increasing the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors, which have a significant association with COVID-19 infection rate and disease severity. Opioid: Studies conducted regarding the association of opioid use disorder (OUD) and COVID-19 infection severity are limited; however, opioids can lead to both respiratory depression and kidney injuries, causing poor prognosis for those with COVID-19 infections. Alcohol: People with alcohol use disorders are at risk of developing acute lung injury and severe COVID-19 infection. Alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic has two possible scenarios: either increased or decreased based on situations. Conclusion: SUD has been frequently reported to have a positive relationship with COVID-19 severity Further studies are needed to understand the effects of opioids and alcohol abuse on COVID-19. |
