Observation of gauge invariance in a 71-site Bose-Hubbard quantum simulator.

Autor: Yang B; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.; Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.; Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.; CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.; Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria., Sun H; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.; Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.; Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.; CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China., Ott R; Institute for Theoretical Physics, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany., Wang HY; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.; Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.; Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.; CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China., Zache TV; Institute for Theoretical Physics, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany., Halimeh JC; Institute for Theoretical Physics, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.; Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.; Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany., Yuan ZS; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. yuanzs@ustc.edu.cn.; Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. yuanzs@ustc.edu.cn.; Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. yuanzs@ustc.edu.cn.; CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. yuanzs@ustc.edu.cn., Hauke P; Institute for Theoretical Physics, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. philipp.hauke@unitn.it.; Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy. philipp.hauke@unitn.it.; Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. philipp.hauke@unitn.it., Pan JW; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. pan@ustc.edu.cn.; Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. pan@ustc.edu.cn.; Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. pan@ustc.edu.cn.; CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. pan@ustc.edu.cn.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Nature [Nature] 2020 Nov; Vol. 587 (7834), pp. 392-396. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Nov 18.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2910-8
Abstrakt: The modern description of elementary particles, as formulated in the standard model of particle physics, is built on gauge theories 1 . Gauge theories implement fundamental laws of physics by local symmetry constraints. For example, in quantum electrodynamics Gauss's law introduces an intrinsic local relation between charged matter and electromagnetic fields, which protects many salient physical properties, including massless photons and a long-ranged Coulomb law. Solving gauge theories using classical computers is an extremely arduous task 2 , which has stimulated an effort to simulate gauge-theory dynamics in microscopically engineered quantum devices 3-6 . Previous achievements implemented density-dependent Peierls phases without defining a local symmetry 7,8 , realized mappings onto effective models to integrate out either matter or electric fields 9-12 , or were limited to very small systems 13-16 . However, the essential gauge symmetry has not been observed experimentally. Here we report the quantum simulation of an extended U(1) lattice gauge theory, and experimentally quantify the gauge invariance in a many-body system comprising matter and gauge fields. These fields are realized in defect-free arrays of bosonic atoms in an optical superlattice of 71 sites. We demonstrate full tunability of the model parameters and benchmark the matter-gauge interactions by sweeping across a quantum phase transition. Using high-fidelity manipulation techniques, we measure the degree to which Gauss's law is violated by extracting probabilities of locally gauge-invariant states from correlated atom occupations. Our work provides a way to explore gauge symmetry in the interplay of fundamental particles using controllable large-scale quantum simulators.
Databáze: MEDLINE
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