Parental benefits and offspring costs reflect parent-offspring conflict over the age of fledging among songbirds.

Autor:	Jones TM; Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; toddmj@illinois.edu.; Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801., Brawn JD; Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801., Ausprey IJ; Florida Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611., Vitz AC; Wildlife Section, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Westborough, MA 01581., Rodewald AD; Cornell Lab of Ornithology and Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850., Raybuck DW; Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996., Boves TJ; Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467., Fiss CJ; Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210.; Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705., McNeil DJ; Cornell Lab of Ornithology and Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850.; Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705., Stoleson SH; Forestry Sciences Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Research Station, Irvine, PA 16329., Larkin JL; Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705., Cox WA; Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL 32601., Schwarzer AC; Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL 32601., Horsley NP; Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801., Trumbo EM; Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801., Ward MP; Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.; Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2020 Dec 01; Vol. 117 (48), pp. 30539-30546. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Nov 16.
DOI:	10.1073/pnas.2008955117
Abstrakt:	Parent-offspring conflict has explained a variety of ecological phenomena across animal taxa, but its role in mediating when songbirds fledge remains controversial. Specifically, ecologists have long debated the influence of songbird parents on the age of fledging: Do parents manipulate offspring into fledging to optimize their own fitness or do offspring choose when to leave? To provide greater insight into parent-offspring conflict over fledging age in songbirds, we compared nesting and postfledging survival rates across 18 species from eight studies in the continental United States. For 12 species (67%), we found that fledging transitions offspring from comparatively safe nesting environments to more dangerous postfledging ones, resulting in a postfledging bottleneck. This raises an important question: as past research shows that offspring would benefit-improve postfledging survival-by staying in the nest longer: Why then do they fledge so early? Our findings suggest that parents manipulate offspring into fledging early for their own benefit, but at the cost of survival for each individual offspring, reflecting parent-offspring conflict. Early fledging incurred, on average, a 13.6% postfledging survival cost for each individual offspring, but parents benefitted through a 14.0% increase in the likelihood of raising at least one offspring to independence. These parental benefits were uneven across species-driven by an interaction between nest mortality risk and brood size-and predicted the age of fledging among species. Collectively, our results suggest that parent-offspring conflict and associated parental benefits explain variation in fledging age among songbird species and why postfledging bottlenecks occur. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest.
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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