Determination of the emission indices for NO, NO 2 , HONO, HCHO, CO, and particles emitted from candles.

Autor: Klosterköther A; Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany., Kurtenbach R; Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany., Wiesen P; Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany., Kleffmann J; Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Indoor air [Indoor Air] 2021 Jan; Vol. 31 (1), pp. 116-127. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Aug 01.
DOI: 10.1111/ina.12714
Abstrakt: In the present study, emission indices for NO, NO 2 , HONO, HCHO, CO, particle mass, and particle numbers including particle size distributions for three different offering candles were determined. The candles investigated showed similar emission characteristics with emission indices (g/kg) in good agreement with former candle emission studies. An average HONO/NO x emission ratio of 6.6 ± 1.1% was obtained, which is much higher compared to most other combustion sources, indicating that candles may be a significant indoor source of this important trace gas. The particle size distributions indicate that the majority of the emitted particles are in the size range 7 - 15 nm. Three modes were observed during burning the candles with very different emission profiles: a "normal burning" mode characterized by low particle number emission rates and small particles; an initial "sooting" behavior after ignition, and a final "smoldering" phase upon candle extinction with higher particle number emission rates and larger particles. The particle emission upon extinction is dependent on the extinction method. The NO x emission indices were applied in a simple box model to calculate typical indoor NO x concentration levels from candle emissions, which were in excellent agreement with direct measurements in a typical indoor environment.
(© 2020 The Authors. Indoor Air published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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