| Autor: |
Angeler DG; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Box 7059, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.; School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA., Chaffin BC; W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59801, USA., Sundstrom SM; School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA., Garmestani A; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268, USA.; Utrecht Centre for Water, Oceans and Sustainability Law, Utrecht University School of Law, 3584 BH, Utrecht, Netherlands., Pope KL; U.S. Geological Survey-Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA., Uden DR; Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA., Twidwell D; Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA., Allen CR; School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA. |
| Abstrakt: |
Management frequently creates system conditions that poorly mimic the conditions of a desirable self-organizing regime. Such management is ubiquitous across complex systems of people and nature and will likely intensify as these systems face rapid change. However, it is highly uncertain whether the costs (unintended consequences, including negative side effects) of management but also social dynamics can eventually outweigh benefits in the long term. We introduce the term "coerced regime" to conceptualize this management form and tie it into resilience theory. The concept encompasses proactive and reactive management to maintain desirable and mitigate undesirable regime conditions, respectively. A coerced regime can be quantified through a measure of the amount of management required to artificially maintain its desirable conditions. Coerced regimes comprise "ghosts" of self-sustaining desirable system regimes but ultimately become "dead regimes walking" when these regimes collapse as soon as management is discontinued. We demonstrate the broad application of coerced regimes using distinct complex systems of humans and nature (human subjects, aquatic and terrestrial environments, agriculture, and global climate). We discuss commonalities and differences between these examples to identify tradeoffs between benefits and harms of management. The concept of coerced regimes can spur thinking and inform management about the duality of what we know and can envision versus what we do not know and therefore cannot envision-a pervasive sustainability conundrum as planet Earth swiftly moves towards a future without historical analogue. |
