Autor: |
Spaan KM; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden., van Noordenburg C; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden., Plassmann MM; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden., Schultes L; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden., Shaw S; Shaw Institute, P.O. Box 1652, Blue Hill, Maine 04614 United States., Berger M; Shaw Institute, P.O. Box 1652, Blue Hill, Maine 04614 United States., Heide-Jørgensen MP; Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland., Rosing-Asvid A; Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland., Granquist SM; Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Skúlagata 4, 101 Reykjavı́k, Reykjavík, Iceland.; The Icelandic Seal Center, Brekkugata 2, 530 Hvammstangi, Iceland., Dietz R; Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark., Sonne C; Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark., Rigét F; Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark., Roos A; Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland.; Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden., Benskin JP; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. |
Abstrakt: |
There is increasing evidence that the ∼20 routinely monitored perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) account for only a fraction of extractable organofluorine (EOF) occurring in the environment. To assess whether PFAS exposure is being underestimated in marine mammals from the Northern Hemisphere, we performed a fluorine mass balance on liver tissues from 11 different species using a combination of targeted PFAS analysis, EOF and total fluorine determination, and suspect screening. Samples were obtained from the east coast United States (US), west and east coast of Greenland, Iceland, and Sweden from 2000 to 2017. Of the 36 target PFASs, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) dominated in all but one Icelandic and three US samples, where the 7:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (7:3 FTCA) was prevalent. This is the first report of 7:3 FTCA in polar bears (∼1000 ng/g, ww) and cetaceans (<6-190 ng/g, ww). In 18 out of 25 samples, EOF was not significantly greater than fluorine concentrations derived from sum target PFASs. For the remaining 7 samples (mostly from the US east coast), 30-75% of the EOF was unidentified. Suspect screening revealed an additional 37 PFASs (not included in the targeted analysis) bringing the total to 63 detected PFASs from 12 different classes. Overall, these results highlight the importance of a multiplatform approach for accurately characterizing PFAS exposure in marine mammals. |