The Paris Agreement objectives will likely halt future declines of emperor penguins.

Autor: Jenouvrier S; Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.; Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France., Holland M; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA., Iles D; Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA., Labrousse S; Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA., Landrum L; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA., Garnier J; Laboratoire de Mathématiques, UMR 5127, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Le Bourget du Lac, France., Caswell H; Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.; Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Weimerskirch H; Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France., LaRue M; Te Kura Aronukurangi, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA., Ji R; Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA., Barbraud C; Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Global change biology [Glob Chang Biol] 2020 Mar; Vol. 26 (3), pp. 1170-1184. Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Nov 07.
DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14864
Abstrakt: The Paris Agreement is a multinational initiative to combat climate change by keeping a global temperature increase in this century to 2°C above preindustrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. Until recently, ensembles of coupled climate simulations producing temporal dynamics of climate en route to stable global mean temperature at 1.5 and 2°C above preindustrial levels were not available. Hence, the few studies that have assessed the ecological impact of the Paris Agreement used ad-hoc approaches. The development of new specific mitigation climate simulations now provides an unprecedented opportunity to inform ecological impact assessments. Here we project the dynamics of all known emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) colonies under new climate change scenarios meeting the Paris Agreement objectives using a climate-dependent-metapopulation model. Our model includes various dispersal behaviors so that penguins could modulate climate effects through movement and habitat selection. Under business-as-usual greenhouse gas emissions, we show that 80% of the colonies are projected to be quasiextinct by 2100, thus the total abundance of emperor penguins is projected to decline by at least 81% relative to its initial size, regardless of dispersal abilities. In contrast, if the Paris Agreement objectives are met, viable emperor penguin refuges will exist in Antarctica, and only 19% and 31% colonies are projected to be quasiextinct by 2100 under the Paris 1.5 and 2 climate scenarios respectively. As a result, the global population is projected to decline by at least by 31% under Paris 1.5 and 44% under Paris 2. However, population growth rates stabilize in 2060 such that the global population will be only declining at 0.07% under Paris 1.5 and 0.34% under Paris 2, thereby halting the global population decline. Hence, global climate policy has a larger capacity to safeguard the future of emperor penguins than their intrinsic dispersal abilities.
(© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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