Spatio-temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring.

Autor: González-Mariño I; Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.; Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain., Baz-Lomba JA; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway., Alygizakis NA; Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece., Andrés-Costa MJ; Food and Environmental Safety Research Group, University of Valencia, Moncada, Spain., Bade R; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia., Bannwarth A; Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland., Barron LP; King's Forensics, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, UK., Been F; KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands., Benaglia L; Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland., Berset JD; University of Bern, Institute of Plant Sciences, Bern, Switzerland., Bijlsma L; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain., Bodík I; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia., Brenner A; Unit of Environmental Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel., Brock AL; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark., Burgard DA; University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, USA., Castrignanò E; Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.; Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK., Celma A; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain., Christophoridis CE; Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece., Covaci A; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Antwerp, Belgium., Delémont O; Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland., de Voogt P; KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.; IBED, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands., Devault DA; Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France., Dias MJ; National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal., Emke E; KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands., Esseiva P; Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland., Fatta-Kassinos D; NIREAS-International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus., Fedorova G; Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi, Czech Republic., Fytianos K; Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece., Gerber C; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia., Grabic R; Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi, Czech Republic., Gracia-Lor E; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain., Grüner S; Chair of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany., Gunnar T; Forensic Toxicology, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland., Hapeshi E; NIREAS-International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus., Heath E; Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia., Helm B; Chair of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany., Hernández F; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain., Kankaanpaa A; Forensic Toxicology, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland., Karolak S; Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France., Kasprzyk-Hordern B; Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK., Krizman-Matasic I; Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia., Lai FY; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden., Lechowicz W; Institute of Forensic Research, Krakow, Poland., Lopes A; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal., López de Alda M; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain., López-García E; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain., Löve ASC; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland., Mastroianni N; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain., McEneff GL; King's Forensics, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, UK., Montes R; Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain., Munro K; King's Forensics, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, UK., Nefau T; Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France., Oberacher H; Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria., O'Brien JW; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia., Oertel R; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany., Olafsdottir K; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland., Picó Y; Food and Environmental Safety Research Group, University of Valencia, Moncada, Spain., Plósz BG; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK., Polesel F; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark., Postigo C; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain., Quintana JB; Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain., Ramin P; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.; Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark., Reid MJ; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway., Rice J; Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK., Rodil R; Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain., Salgueiro-González N; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy., Schubert S; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany., Senta I; Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia., Simões SM; National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal., Sremacki MM; Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia., Styszko K; Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland., Terzic S; Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia., Thomaidis NS; Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece., Thomas KV; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia., Tscharke BJ; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia., Udrisard R; Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland., van Nuijs ALN; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Antwerp, Belgium., Yargeau V; Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada., Zuccato E; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy., Castiglioni S; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy., Ort C; Eawag, Urban Water Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Addiction (Abingdon, England) [Addiction] 2020 Jan; Vol. 115 (1), pp. 109-120. Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Oct 23.
DOI: 10.1111/add.14767
Abstrakt: Background and Aims: Wastewater-based epidemiology is an additional indicator of drug use that is gaining reliability to complement the current established panel of indicators. The aims of this study were to: (i) assess spatial and temporal trends of population-normalized mass loads of benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in raw wastewater over 7 years (2011-17); (ii) address overall drug use by estimating the average number of combined doses consumed per day in each city; and (iii) compare these with existing prevalence and seizure data.
Design: Analysis of daily raw wastewater composite samples collected over 1 week per year from 2011 to 2017.
Setting and Participants: Catchment areas of 143 wastewater treatment plants in 120 cities in 37 countries.
Measurements: Parent substances (amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA) and the metabolites of cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol) were measured in wastewater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Daily mass loads (mg/day) were normalized to catchment population (mg/1000 people/day) and converted to the number of combined doses consumed per day. Spatial differences were assessed world-wide, and temporal trends were discerned at European level by comparing 2011-13 drug loads versus 2014-17 loads.
Findings: Benzoylecgonine was the stimulant metabolite detected at higher loads in southern and western Europe, and amphetamine, MDMA and methamphetamine in East and North-Central Europe. In other continents, methamphetamine showed the highest levels in the United States and Australia and benzoylecgonine in South America. During the reporting period, benzoylecgonine loads increased in general across Europe, amphetamine and methamphetamine levels fluctuated and MDMA underwent an intermittent upsurge.
Conclusions: The analysis of wastewater to quantify drug loads provides near real-time drug use estimates that globally correspond to prevalence and seizure data.
(© 2019 The Authors. Addiction published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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