An Ocean-Colour Time Series for Use in Climate Studies: The Experience of the Ocean-Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI).

Autor: Sathyendranath S; National Centre for Earth Observation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. ssat@pml.ac.uk., Brewin RJW; National Centre for Earth Observation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. robr@pml.ac.uk., Brockmann C; Brockmann Consult, Max-Planck-Straße 2, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. carsten.brockmann@brockmann-consult.de., Brotas V; Marine Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal. vbrotas@fc.ul.pt., Calton B; PML Applications Ltd, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. bac@pml.ac.uk., Chuprin A; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. ach@pml.ac.uk., Cipollini P; Telespazio Vega UK for ESA Climate Office, European Space Agency/ECSAT, Harwell Campus OX11 0FD, UK. paolo.cipollini@esa.int., Couto AB; Marine Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal. belocouto@gmail.com., Dingle J; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. jad@pml.ac.uk., Doerffer R; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. roland.doerffer@hzg.de., Donlon C; European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands. craig.donlon@esa.int., Dowell M; European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via Enrico Fermi, 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy. mark.dowell@ec.europa.eu., Farman A; Telespazio VEGA UK Ltd., 350 Capability Green, Luton, Bedfordshire LU1 3LU, UK. Alex.Farman@telespazio.com., Grant M; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. michael.grant@eumetsat.int., Groom S; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. sbg@pml.ac.uk., Horseman A; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. a.horseman@computer.org., Jackson T; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. thja@pml.ac.uk., Krasemann H; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. hajo.krasemann@hzg.de., Lavender S; Telespazio VEGA UK Ltd., 350 Capability Green, Luton, Bedfordshire LU1 3LU, UK. Sam.Lavender@telespazio.com., Martinez-Vicente V; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. vmv@pml.ac.uk., Mazeran C; Solvo, 3 rue Saint-Antoine, 06600 Antibes, France. constant.mazeran@solvo.fr., Mélin F; European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via Enrico Fermi, 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy. Frederic.MELIN@ec.europa.eu., Moore TS; Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA. tsmoore00@gmail.com., Müller D; Brockmann Consult, Max-Planck-Straße 2, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. dagmar.mueller@brockmann-consult.de.; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. dagmar.mueller@brockmann-consult.de., Regner P; European Space Agency, ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, Casella Postale 64, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy. pregner@iwind.it., Roy S; Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DW, UK. shovonlal.roy@reading.ac.uk., Steele CJ; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. chs@pml.ac.uk., Steinmetz F; HYGEOS, 165 Avenue de Bretagne, 59000 Lille, France. fs@hygeos.com., Swinton J; Telespazio VEGA UK Ltd., 350 Capability Green, Luton, Bedfordshire LU1 3LU, UK. john.swinton@telespazio.com., Taberner M; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. Malcolm.Taberner@external.eumetsat.int., Thompson A; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. arthompson1990@gmail.com., Valente A; Marine Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal. asfg.valente@gmail.com., Zühlke M; Brockmann Consult, Max-Planck-Straße 2, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. marco.zuehlke@xing.com., Brando VE; CNR-ISMAR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00133 Roma, Italy. vittorio.brando@cnr.it., Feng H; Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA. hui.feng@unh.edu., Feldman G; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. gene.c.feldman@nasa.gov., Franz BA; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. bryan.a.franz@nasa.gov., Frouin R; Scripps Institution of Oceanography Mail Code 0218, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039-0218, USA. rfrouin@ucsd.edu., Gould RW; Naval Research Laboratory, Bldg. 1009, Code 7331, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA. gould@nrlssc.navy.mil., Hooker SB; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. stanford.b.hooker@nasa.gov., Kahru M; Scripps Institution of Oceanography Mail Code 0218, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039-0218, USA. mkahru@ucsd.edu., Kratzer S; Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, University of Stockholm, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. susanne.kratzer@su.se., Mitchell BG; Scripps Institution of Oceanography Mail Code 0218, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039-0218, USA. gmitchell@ucsd.edu., Muller-Karger FE; Institute for Marine Remote Sensing, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave. South St, Petersburg, FL 33701, USA. carib@usf.edu., Sosik HM; Biology Department, MS 32, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1049, USA. hsosik@whoi.edu., Voss KJ; Department of Physics, University of Miami, James L. Knight Physics Building, 1320 Campo Sano Dr., Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA. voss@physics.miami.edu., Werdell J; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. jeremy.werdell@nasa.gov., Platt T; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. tplatt@dal.ca.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) [Sensors (Basel)] 2019 Oct 03; Vol. 19 (19). Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Oct 03.
DOI: 10.3390/s19194285
Abstrakt: Ocean colour is recognised as an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS); and spectrally-resolved water-leaving radiances (or remote-sensing reflectances) in the visible domain, and chlorophyll-a concentration are identified as required ECV products. Time series of the products at the global scale and at high spatial resolution, derived from ocean-colour data, are key to studying the dynamics of phytoplankton at seasonal and inter-annual scales; their role in marine biogeochemistry; the global carbon cycle; the modulation of how phytoplankton distribute solar-induced heat in the upper layers of the ocean; and the response of the marine ecosystem to climate variability and change. However, generating a long time series of these products from ocean-colour data is not a trivial task: algorithms that are best suited for climate studies have to be selected from a number that are available for atmospheric correction of the satellite signal and for retrieval of chlorophyll-a concentration; since satellites have a finite life span, data from multiple sensors have to be merged to create a single time series, and any uncorrected inter-sensor biases could introduce artefacts in the series, e.g., different sensors monitor radiances at different wavebands such that producing a consistent time series of reflectances is not straightforward. Another requirement is that the products have to be validated against in situ observations. Furthermore, the uncertainties in the products have to be quantified, ideally on a pixel-by-pixel basis, to facilitate applications and interpretations that are consistent with the quality of the data. This paper outlines an approach that was adopted for generating an ocean-colour time series for climate studies, using data from the MERIS (MEdium spectral Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) sensor of the European Space Agency; the SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide-Field-of-view Sensor) and MODIS-Aqua (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-Aqua) sensors from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA); and VIIRS (Visible and Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USA). The time series now covers the period from late 1997 to end of 2018. To ensure that the products meet, as well as possible, the requirements of the user community, marine-ecosystem modellers, and remote-sensing scientists were consulted at the outset on their immediate and longer-term requirements as well as on their expectations of ocean-colour data for use in climate research. Taking the user requirements into account, a series of objective criteria were established, against which available algorithms for processing ocean-colour data were evaluated and ranked. The algorithms that performed best with respect to the climate user requirements were selected to process data from the satellite sensors. Remote-sensing reflectance data from MODIS-Aqua, MERIS, and VIIRS were band-shifted to match the wavebands of SeaWiFS. Overlapping data were used to correct for mean biases between sensors at every pixel. The remote-sensing reflectance data derived from the sensors were merged, and the selected in-water algorithm was applied to the merged data to generate maps of chlorophyll concentration, inherent optical properties at SeaWiFS wavelengths, and the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm. The merged products were validated against in situ observations. The uncertainties established on the basis of comparisons with in situ data were combined with an optical classification of the remote-sensing reflectance data using a fuzzy-logic approach, and were used to generate uncertainties (root mean square difference and bias) for each product at each pixel.
Databáze: MEDLINE
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