Comparison of Predicted Microbiological Human Health Risks Associated with de Facto, Indirect, and Direct Potable Water Reuse.
| Autor: | Soller JA; Soller Environmental, LLC , 3022 King Street , Berkeley , California 94703 , United States., Eftim SE; ICF, LLC , 9300 Lee Highway , Fairfax , Virginia 22031 , United States., Nappier SP; US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology , 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW , Washington , District of Columbia 20460 , United States. |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Zdroj: | Environmental science & technology [Environ Sci Technol] 2019 Nov 19; Vol. 53 (22), pp. 13382-13389. Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Oct 28. |
| DOI: | 10.1021/acs.est.9b02002 |
| Abstrakt: | Increasing interest in recycling water for potable purposes makes understanding the risks associated with potential acute microbial hazards important. We compared risks from de facto reuse, indirect potable reuse (IPR), and direct potable reuse (DPR) scenarios using a previously published quantitative microbial risk assessment methodology and literature review results. The de facto reuse simulation results are compared to a Cryptosporidium spp. database collected for the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule's information collection rule (ICR) and to a literature review of norovirus (NoV) densities in ambient surface waters. The de facto simulation results with a treated wastewater effluent contribution of 1% in surface waters and a residence time of 30 days most closely match the ICR dataset. The de facto simulations also suggest that using NoV monitoring data from surface waters may overestimate microbial risks, compared to NoV data from raw sewage coupled with wastewater treatment reduction estimates. The predicted risks from IPR and DPR are consistently lower than those for the de facto reuse scenarios assuming the AWTFs are operating within design specifications. These analyses provide insight into the microbial risks associated with various potable reuse scenarios and highlight the need to carefully consider drinking water treatment choices when wastewater effluent is a component of any drinking water supply. |
| Databáze: | MEDLINE |
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