| Autor: |
Benitez MLR; Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil., Bender CB; Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil., Oliveira TL; Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil., Schachtschneider KM; Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA., Collares T; Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil., Seixas FK; Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. seixas.fk@gmail.com. |
| Abstrakt: |
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, with a high mortality rate and with 96,480 new cases expected in 2019 in the USS. BRAF V600E , the most common driver mutation, is found in around 50% of melanomas, contributing to tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastatic progression. Dacarbazine (DTIC), an alkylate agent, was the first chemotherapeutic agent approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) used as a standard treatment. Since then, immunotherapies have been approved for metastatic melanoma (MM) including ipilimumab and pembrolizumab checkpoint inhibitors that help decrease the risk of progression. Moreover, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) serves as an adjuvant therapy that induces the recruitment of natural killer NK, CD4 + , and CD8 + T cells and contributes to antitumor immunity. BCG can be administered in combination with chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents and can be genetically manipulated to produce recombinant BCG (rBCG) strains that express heterologous proteins or overexpress immunogenic proteins, increasing the immune response and improving patient survival. In this review, we highlight several studies utilizing rBCG immunotherapy for MM in combination with other therapeutic agents. |
