| Autor: |
Goodkind AL; Department of Economics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131; agoodkind@unm.edu., Tessum CW; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195., Coggins JS; Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108., Hill JD; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108., Marshall JD; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. |
| Jazyk: |
angličtina |
| Zdroj: |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2019 Apr 30; Vol. 116 (18), pp. 8775-8780. Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Apr 08. |
| DOI: |
10.1073/pnas.1816102116 |
| Abstrakt: |
Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) air pollution has been recognized as a major source of mortality in the United States for at least 25 years, yet much remains unknown about which sources are the most harmful, let alone how best to target policies to mitigate them. Such efforts can be improved by employing high-resolution geographically explicit methods for quantifying human health impacts of emissions of PM 2.5 and its precursors. Here, we provide a detailed examination of the health and economic impacts of PM 2.5 pollution in the United States by linking emission sources with resulting pollution concentrations. We estimate that anthropogenic PM 2.5 was responsible for 107,000 premature deaths in 2011, at a cost to society of $886 billion. Of these deaths, 57% were associated with pollution caused by energy consumption [e.g., transportation (28%) and electricity generation (14%)]; another 15% with pollution caused by agricultural activities. A small fraction of emissions, concentrated in or near densely populated areas, plays an outsized role in damaging human health with the most damaging 10% of total emissions accounting for 40% of total damages. We find that 33% of damages occur within 8 km of emission sources, but 25% occur more than 256 km away, emphasizing the importance of tracking both local and long-range impacts. Our paper highlights the importance of a fine-scale approach as marginal damages can vary by over an order of magnitude within a single county. Information presented here can assist mitigation efforts by identifying those sources with the greatest health effects.
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
(Copyright © 2019 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.) |
| Databáze: |
MEDLINE |
| Externí odkaz: |
|
