| Autor: |
Agarwal A; Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02140 , United States., Speth RL; Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02140 , United States., Fritz TM; Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02140 , United States., Jacob SD; Federal Aviation Administration , Office of Environment and Energy , Washington , D.C. 20591 , United States., Rindlisbacher T; Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation , CH-3003 Bern , Switzerland., Iovinelli R; Federal Aviation Administration , Office of Environment and Energy , Washington , D.C. 20591 , United States., Owen B; Manchester Metropolitan University , Manchester , M15 6BH , United Kingdom., Miake-Lye RC; Aerodyne Research, Inc. , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States., Sabnis JS; Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02140 , United States., Barrett SRH; Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02140 , United States. |
| Abstrakt: |
Black carbon (BC) emissions from aircraft engines lead to an increase in the atmospheric burden of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ). Exposure to PM 2.5 from sources, including aviation, is associated with an increased risk of premature mortality, and BC suspended in the atmosphere has a warming impact on the climate. BC particles emitted from aircraft also serve as nuclei for contrail ice particles, which are a major component of aviation's climate impact. To facilitate the evaluation of these impacts, we have developed a method to estimate BC mass and number emissions at the engine exit plane, referred to as the Smoke Correlation for Particle Emissions-CAEP11 (SCOPE11). We use a data set consisting of SN-BC mass concentration pairs, collected using certification-compliant measurement systems, to develop a new relationship between smoke number (SN) and BC mass concentration. In addition, we use a complementary data set to estimate measurement system loss correction factors and particle geometric mean diameters to estimate BC number emissions at the engine exit plane. Using this method, we estimate global BC emissions from aircraft landing and takeoff (LTO) operations for 2015 to be 0.74 Gg/year (95% CI = 0.64-0.84) and 2.85 × 10 25 particles/year (95% CI = 1.86-4.49 × 10 25 ). |
