Emergent sustainability in open property regimes.

Autor:	Moritz M; Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; moritz.42@osu.edu., Behnke R; Department of Anthropology, University College London, WC1H 0BW London, United Kingdom., Beitl CM; Department of Anthropology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469., Bliege Bird R; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802., Chiaravalloti RM; Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, 47 - 12960-000 Nazaré Paulista, Brazil., Clark JK; American Center for Mongolian Studies, Philadelphia, PA 19104., Crabtree SA; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802., Downey SS; Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210., Hamilton IM; Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.; Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210., Phang SC; Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210., Scholte P; Développement des Espaces Economiques et Naturels Taï et Comoé, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, BP 7172 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire., Wilson JA; School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2018 Dec 18; Vol. 115 (51), pp. 12859-12867. Date of Electronic Publication: 2018 Nov 28.
DOI:	10.1073/pnas.1812028115
Abstrakt:	Current theoretical models of the commons assert that common-pool resources can only be managed sustainably with clearly defined boundaries around both communities and the resources that they use. In these theoretical models, open access inevitably leads to a tragedy of the commons. However, in many open-access systems, use of common-pool resources seems to be sustainable over the long term (i.e., current resource use does not threaten use of common-pool resources for future generations). Here, we outline the conditions that support sustainable resource use in open property regimes. We use the conceptual framework of complex adaptive systems to explain how processes within and couplings between human and natural systems can lead to the emergence of efficient, equitable, and sustainable resource use. We illustrate these dynamics in eight case studies of different social-ecological systems, including mobile pastoralism, marine and freshwater fisheries, swidden agriculture, and desert foraging. Our theoretical framework identifies eight conditions that are critical for the emergence of sustainable use of common-pool resources in open property regimes. In addition, we explain how changes in boundary conditions may push open property regimes to either common property regimes or a tragedy of the commons. Our theoretical model of emergent sustainability helps us to understand the diversity and dynamics of property regimes across a wide range of social-ecological systems and explains the enigma of open access without a tragedy. We recommend that policy interventions in such self-organizing systems should focus on managing the conditions that are critical for the emergence and persistence of sustainability. Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. (Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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