Nicotine preloading for smoking cessation: the Preloading RCT.

Autor:	Aveyard P; Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK., Lindson N; Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK., Tearne S; Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK., Adams R; Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Ahmed K; Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Alekna R; Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Banting M; Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Healy M; Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Khan S; Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Rai G; Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Wood C; Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Anderson EC; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK., Ataya-Williams A; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK., Attwood A; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK., Easey K; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK., Fluharty M; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK., Freuler T; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK., Hurse M; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK., Khouja J; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK., Lacey L; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK., Munafò M; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK., Lycett D; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK., McEwen A; National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training (NCSCT), Dorchester, UK., Coleman T; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK., Dickinson A; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK., Lewis S; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK., Orton S; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK., Perdue J; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK., Randall C; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK., Anderson R; Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK., Bisal N; Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK., Hajek P; Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK., Homsey C; Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK., McRobbie HJ; Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK., Myers-Smith K; Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK., Phillips A; Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK., Przulj D; Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK., Li J; Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK., Coyle D; Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK., Coyle K; Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK., Pokhrel S; Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) [Health Technol Assess] 2018 Aug; Vol. 22 (41), pp. 1-84.
DOI:	10.3310/hta22410
Abstrakt:	Background: Nicotine preloading means using nicotine replacement therapy prior to a quit date while smoking normally. The aim is to reduce the drive to smoke, thereby reducing cravings for smoking after quit day, which are the main cause of early relapse. A prior systematic review showed inconclusive and heterogeneous evidence that preloading was effective and little evidence of the mechanism of action, with no cost-effectiveness data. Objectives: To assess (1) the effectiveness, safety and tolerability of nicotine preloading in a routine NHS setting relative to usual care, (2) the mechanisms of the action of preloading and (3) the cost-effectiveness of preloading. Design: Open-label randomised controlled trial with examination of mediation and a cost-effectiveness analysis. Setting: NHS smoking cessation clinics. Participants: People seeking help to stop smoking. Interventions: Nicotine preloading comprised wearing a 21 mg/24 hour nicotine patch for 4 weeks prior to quit date. In addition, minimal behavioural support was provided to explain the intervention rationale and to support adherence. In the comparator group, participants received equivalent behavioural support. Randomisation was stratified by centre and concealed from investigators. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was 6-month prolonged abstinence assessed using the Russell Standard. The secondary outcomes were 4-week and 12-month abstinence. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed from baseline to 1 week after quit day. In a planned analysis, we adjusted for the use of varenicline (Champix ® ; Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA) as post-cessation medication. Cost-effectiveness analysis took a health-service perspective. The within-trial analysis assessed health-service costs during the 13 months of trial enrolment relative to the previous 6 months comparing trial arms. The base case was based on multiple imputation for missing cost data. We modelled long-term health outcomes of smoking-related diseases using the European-study on Quantifying Utility of Investment in Protection from Tobacco (EQUIPT) model. Results: In total, 1792 people were eligible and were enrolled in the study, with 893 randomised to the control group and 899 randomised to the intervention group. In the intervention group, 49 (5.5%) people discontinued preloading prematurely and most others used it daily. The primary outcome, biochemically validated 6-month abstinence, was achieved by 157 (17.5%) people in the intervention group and 129 (14.4%) people in the control group, a difference of 3.02 percentage points [95% confidence interval (CI) -0.37 to 6.41 percentage points; odds ratio (OR) 1.25, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.62; p  = 0.081]. Adjusted for use of post-quit day varenicline, the OR was 1.34 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.73; p  = 0.028). Secondary abstinence outcomes were similar. The OR for the occurrence of serious AEs was 1.12 (95% CI 0.42 to 3.03). Moderate-severity nausea occurred in an additional 4% of the preloading group compared with the control group. There was evidence that reduced urges to smoke and reduced smoke inhalation mediated the effect of preloading on abstinence. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio at the 6-month follow-up for preloading relative to control was £710 (95% CI -£13,674 to £23,205), but preloading was dominant at 12 months and in the long term, with an 80% probability that it is cost saving. Limitations: The open-label design could partially account for the mediation results. Outcome assessment could not be blinded but was biochemically verified. Conclusions: Use of nicotine-patch preloading for 4 weeks prior to attempting to stop smoking can increase the proportion of people who stop successfully, but its benefit is undermined because it reduces the use of varenicline after preloading. If this latter effect could be overcome, then nicotine preloading appears to improve health and reduce health-service costs in the long term. Future work should determine how to ensure that people using nicotine preloading opt to use varenicline as cessation medication. Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN33031001. Funding: This project was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment ; Vol. 22, No. 41. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. Competing Interests: All contributors participated in this trial, to which GlaxoSmithKline plc donated free patches. Paul Aveyard is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and CLAHRC. Peter Hajek and Hayden J McRobbie have provided research and consultancy to several manufacturers of smoking cessation treatments and have been paid for doing so. Tim Coleman is a member of the NIHR Health Technology Assessment Clinical Evaluation and Trials Board. Sarah Lewis is a member of the NIHR Health Services and Delivery Research funding board. Peter Hajek reports a research grant to Queen Mary University of London from Pfizer and personal consultancy fees from Pfizer. Andy McEwen reports grants from Pfizer and hospitality from North 51. Hayden J McRobbie reports a grant and honorarium from Pfizer for speaking at education meetings and an honorarium from Johnson & Johnson for speaking at education meetings and an advisory board meeting.
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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