Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools.

Autor:	Seebens H; Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; hanno.seebens@senckenberg.de franz.essl@univie.ac.at.; Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria., Blackburn TM; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom.; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, NW1 4RY London, United Kingdom.; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa., Dyer EE; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom.; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, NW1 4RY London, United Kingdom., Genovesi P; Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, 00144 Rome, Italy.; Invasive Species Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, 00144 Rome, Italy., Hulme PE; Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, 7648 Christchurch, New Zealand., Jeschke JM; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany.; Institute of Biology, Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, 14195 Berlin, Germany., Pagad S; Invasive Species Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, University of Auckland, 1072 Aukland, New Zealand., Pyšek P; Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic.; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic., van Kleunen M; Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, 318000 Taizhou, China., Winter M; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany., Ansong M; Department of Silviculture and Forest Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resource, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana., Arianoutsou M; Department of Ecology and Systematics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece., Bacher S; Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland., Blasius B; Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany., Brockerhoff EG; Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), 8440 Christchurch, New Zealand., Brundu G; Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy., Capinha C; CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.; Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal., Causton CE; Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galapagos, Ecuador., Celesti-Grapow L; Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy., Dawson W; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom., Dullinger S; Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria., Economo EP; Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, 904-0495 Okinawa, Japan., Fuentes N; Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile., Guénard B; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China., Jäger H; Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galapagos, Ecuador., Kartesz J; Biota of North America Program, Chapel Hill, NC 27516., Kenis M; CABI, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland., Kühn I; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.; Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, 06120 Halle, Germany.; Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany., Lenzner B; Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria., Liebhold AM; US Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, WV 26505., Mosena A; Department of Experimental and Systems Ecology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.; Center for InterAmerican Studies, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany., Moser D; Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria., Nentwig W; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland., Nishino M; Biota of North America Program, Chapel Hill, NC 27516., Pearman D; Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, HG1 1SS Harrogate, United Kingdom., Pergl J; Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, HG1 1SS Harrogate, United Kingdom., Rabitsch W; Department of Biological Diversity and Nature Conservation, Environment Agency, 1090 Vienna, Austria., Rojas-Sandoval J; Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013., Roques A; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 0633, Zoologie Forestière, 45075 Orléans, France., Rorke S; Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom., Rossinelli S; Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland., Roy HE; Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom., Scalera R; Invasive Species Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, 00144 Rome, Italy., Schindler S; Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria., Štajerová K; Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic.; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic., Tokarska-Guzik B; Department of Botany and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland., Walker K; Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, HG1 1SS Harrogate, United Kingdom., Ward DF; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.; Landcare Research, PB 92170, Auckland, New Zealand., Yamanaka T; Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 305-8604 Tsukuba, Japan., Essl F; Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria; hanno.seebens@senckenberg.de franz.essl@univie.ac.at.; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2018 Mar 06; Vol. 115 (10), pp. E2264-E2273. Date of Electronic Publication: 2018 Feb 05.
DOI:	10.1073/pnas.1719429115
Abstrakt:	Our ability to predict the identity of future invasive alien species is largely based upon knowledge of prior invasion history. Emerging alien species-those never encountered as aliens before-therefore pose a significant challenge to biosecurity interventions worldwide. Understanding their temporal trends, origins, and the drivers of their spread is pivotal to improving prevention and risk assessment tools. Here, we use a database of 45,984 first records of 16,019 established alien species to investigate the temporal dynamics of occurrences of emerging alien species worldwide. Even after many centuries of invasions the rate of emergence of new alien species is still high: One-quarter of first records during 2000-2005 were of species that had not been previously recorded anywhere as alien, though with large variation across taxa. Model results show that the high proportion of emerging alien species cannot be solely explained by increases in well-known drivers such as the amount of imported commodities from historically important source regions. Instead, these dynamics reflect the incorporation of new regions into the pool of potential alien species, likely as a consequence of expanding trade networks and environmental change. This process compensates for the depletion of the historically important source species pool through successive invasions. We estimate that 1-16% of all species on Earth, depending on the taxonomic group, qualify as potential alien species. These results suggest that there remains a high proportion of emerging alien species we have yet to encounter, with future impacts that are difficult to predict. Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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