Port-wine stain (PWS) is the second most common congenital vascular malformation characterized as ectatic capillaries and venules in the dermis that clinically appears as a deep red to purple patch on the skin. Typically, PWS progressively darken and may become hypertrophic or nodular without treatment. There are several treatment options available for PWS from topical antiangiogenic agents to laser therapies. Vascular-specific lasers are the gold standard in treating PWS and classically pulsed dye lasers are usually the treatment of choice. However, some patients with PWS are recalcitrant to PDL and may require a combination of treatment methods. Nonetheless, even with the advancements in laser therapies utilized today, it is can be difficult to achieve complete clearance of the PWS. Thus, new innovations for treating recalcitrant PWS are underway in order to improve overall patient treatment outcomes.

J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(11):1145-1151.