| Autor: |
Mitropoulos K; 1 School of Medicine, University of Athens , Athens, Greece ., Cooper DN; 2 Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff, United Kingdom ., Mitropoulou C; 3 The Golden Helix Foundation , London, United Kingdom ., Agathos S; 4 Yachay Tech University , San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador ., Reichardt JKV; 4 Yachay Tech University , San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador ., Al-Maskari F; 5 Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates .; 6 Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates ., Chantratita W; 7 Department of Pathology, Medical Genomic Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand ., Wonkam A; 8 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa ., Dandara C; 8 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa ., Katsila T; 9 Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras , Patras, Greece ., Lopez-Correa C; 10 Genome British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada ., Ali BR; 5 Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates .; 6 Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates ., Patrinos GP; 5 Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates .; 6 Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates .; 9 Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras , Patras, Greece . |
| Abstrakt: |
Genomic medicine has greatly matured in terms of its technical capabilities, but the diffusion of genomic innovations worldwide faces significant barriers beyond mere access to technology. New global development strategies are sorely needed for biotechnologies such as genomics and their applications toward precision medicine without borders. Moreover, diffusion of genomic medicine globally cannot adhere to a "one-size-fits-all-countries" development strategy, in the same way that drug treatments should be customized. This begs a timely, difficult but crucial question: How should developing countries, and the resource-limited regions of developed countries, invest in genomic medicine? Although a full-scale investment in infrastructure from discovery to the translational implementation of genomic science is ideal, this may not always be feasible in all countries at all times. A simple "transplantation of genomics" from developed to developing countries is unlikely to be feasible. Nor should developing countries be seen as simple recipients and beneficiaries of genomic medicine developed elsewhere because important advances in genomic medicine have materialized in developing countries as well. There are several noteworthy examples of genomic medicine success stories involving resource-limited settings that are contextualized and described in this global genomic medicine innovation analysis. In addition, we outline here a new long-term development strategy for global genomic medicine in a way that recognizes the individual country's pressing public health priorities and disease burdens. We term this approach the "Fast-Second Winner" model of innovation that supports innovation commencing not only "upstream" of discovery science but also "mid-stream," building on emerging highly promising biomarker and diagnostic candidates from the global science discovery pipeline, based on the unique needs of each country. A mid-stream entry into innovation can enhance collective learning from other innovators' mistakes upstream in discovery science and boost the probability of success for translation and implementation when resources are limited. This à la carte model of global innovation and development strategy offers multiple entry points into the global genomics innovation ecosystem for developing countries, whether or not extensive and expensive discovery infrastructures are already in place. Ultimately, broadening our thinking beyond the linear model of innovation will help us to enable the vision and practice of genomics without borders in both developed and resource-limited settings. |
