Improving wastewater-based epidemiology to estimate cannabis use: focus on the initial aspects of the analytical procedure.

Autor: Causanilles A; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. Electronic address: A.CausanillesLlanes@uva.nl., Baz-Lomba JA; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: Joseantonio.baz@niva.no., Burgard DA; Department of Chemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, USA. Electronic address: dburgard@pugetsound.edu., Emke E; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Erik.Emke@kwrwater.nl., González-Mariño I; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: iria.gonzalez@usc.es., Krizman-Matasic I; Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia. Electronic address: Ivona.Krizman.Matasic@irb.hr., Li A; Food Safety Laboratory, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore. Electronic address: Angela_LI@hsa.gov.sg., Löve ASC; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology - Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Electronic address: asl2@hi.is., McCall AK; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland. Electronic address: Ann-Kathrin.McCall@eawag.ch., Montes R; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Electronic address: rosamaria.montes@usc.es., van Nuijs ALN; Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium. Electronic address: alexander.vannuijs@uantwerpen.be., Ort C; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland. Electronic address: Christoph.Ort@eawag.ch., Quintana JB; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Electronic address: jb.quintana@usc.es., Senta I; Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia. Electronic address: isenta@irb.hr., Terzic S; Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia. Electronic address: terzic@irb.hr., Hernandez F; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain. Electronic address: felix.hernandez@qfa.uji.es., de Voogt P; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. Electronic address: W.P.deVoogt@uva.nl., Bijlsma L; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain. Electronic address: bijlsma@uji.es.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Analytica chimica acta [Anal Chim Acta] 2017 Oct 02; Vol. 988, pp. 27-33. Date of Electronic Publication: 2017 Aug 18.
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.011
Abstrakt: Wastewater-based epidemiology is a promising and complementary tool for estimating drug use by the general population, based on the quantitative analysis of specific human metabolites of illicit drugs in urban wastewater. Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug and of high interest for epidemiologists. However, the inclusion of its main human urinary metabolite 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in wastewater-based epidemiology has presented several challenges and concentrations seem to depend heavily on environmental factors, sample preparation and analyses, commonly resulting in an underestimation. The aim of the present study is to investigate, identify and diminish the source of bias when analysing THC-COOH in wastewater. Several experiments were performed to individually assess different aspects of THC-COOH determination in wastewater, such as the number of freeze-thaw cycles, filtration, sorption to different container materials and in-sample stability, and the most suitable order of preparatory steps. Results highlighted the filtration step and adjustment of the sample pH as the most critical parameters to take into account when analysing THC-COOH in wastewater. Furthermore, the order of these initial steps of the analytical procedure is crucial. Findings were translated into a recommended best-practice protocol and an inter-laboratory study was organized with eight laboratories that tested the performance of the proposed procedure. Results were found satisfactory with z-scores ≤ 2.
(Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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