Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of synthetic cathinones and phenethylamines in influent wastewater of eight European cities.

Autor: Bade R; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain., Bijlsma L; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain., Sancho JV; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain., Baz-Lomba JA; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1078, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway., Castiglioni S; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy., Castrignanò E; University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bath BA2 7AY, UK., Causanilles A; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands., Gracia-Lor E; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy., Kasprzyk-Hordern B; University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bath BA2 7AY, UK., Kinyua J; Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium., McCall AK; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland., van Nuijs ALN; Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium., Ort C; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland., Plósz BG; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark., Ramin P; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark., Rousis NI; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy., Ryu Y; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1078, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway., Thomas KV; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway., de Voogt P; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Zuccato E; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy., Hernández F; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain. Electronic address: felix.hernandez@uji.es.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Chemosphere [Chemosphere] 2017 Feb; Vol. 168, pp. 1032-1041. Date of Electronic Publication: 2016 Nov 01.
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.107
Abstrakt: The popularity of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has grown in recent years, with certain NPS commonly and preferentially consumed even following the introduction of preventative legislation. With the objective to improve the knowledge on the use of NPS, a rapid and very sensitive method was developed for the determination of ten priority NPS (N-ethylcathinone, methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), methylone, butylone, methedrone, mephedrone, naphyrone, 25-C-NBOMe, 25-I-NBOMe and 25-B-NBOMe) in influent wastewater. Sample clean-up and pre-concentration was made by off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis MCX cartridges. Isotopically labelled internal standards were used to correct for matrix effects and potential SPE losses. Following chromatographic separation on a C 18 column within 6 min, the compounds were measured by tandem mass spectrometry in positive ionization mode. The method was optimised and validated for all compounds. Limits of quantification were evaluated by spiking influent wastewater samples at 1 or 5 ng/L. An investigation into the stability of these compounds in influent wastewater was also performed, showing that, following acidification at pH 2, all compounds were relatively stable for up to 7 days. The method was then applied to influent wastewater samples from eight European countries, in which mephedrone, methylone and MDPV were detected. This work reveals that although NPS use is not as extensive as for classic illicit drugs, the application of a highly sensitive analytical procedure makes their detection in wastewater possible. The developed analytical methodology forms the basis of a subsequent model-based back-calculation of abuse rate in urban areas (i.e. wastewater-based epidemiology).
(Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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