| Autor: |
Vaugoyeau M; Ecologie Systématique Evolution Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Agro Paris Tech, Université Paris-Saclay Orsay France., Adriaensen F; Department of Biology Evolutionary Ecology Group University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium., Artemyev A; Institute of Biology Karelian Research Centre Russian Academy of Sciences Petrozavodsk Russia., Bańbura J; Department of Experimental Zoology & Evolutionary Biology University of Lodź Lodź Poland., Barba E; Terrestrial Vertebrates Research Unit 'Cavanilles' Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia Paterna Spain., Biard C; Université Pierre et Marie Curie Sorbonne universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPEC, Paris 7 CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris Paris France., Blondel J; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Campus CNRS Montpellier France., Bouslama Z; Research Laboratory 'Ecology of Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems' University Badji Mokhtar Annaba Algeria., Bouvier JC; INRA Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles Avignon France., Camprodon J; Àrea de Biodiversitat Grup de Biologia de la Conservació Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya Solsona Spain., Cecere F; Strada Bine Acquanegra sul Chiese (MM) Italy., Charmantier A; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Campus CNRS Montpellier France., Charter M; University of Haifa Haifa Israel; Society for the Protection of Nature University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland., Cichoń M; Institute of Environmental Science Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland., Cusimano C; Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences Università di Palermo Palermo Italy., Czeszczewik D; Department of Zoology Faculty of Natural Science Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities Siedlce Poland., Demeyrier V; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Campus CNRS Montpellier France., Doligez B; Department of Biometry & Evolutionary Biology University of Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France., Doutrelant C; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Campus CNRS Montpellier France., Dubiec A; Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland., Eens M; Department of Biology Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium., Eeva T; Section of Ecology Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland., Faivre B; BioGéoSciences Université de Bourgogne Dijon France., Ferns PN; School of Bioscience Cardiff University Cardiff UK., Forsman JT; Department of Ecology University of Oulu Oulu Finland., García-Del-Rey E; Departamento de Ecología Facultad de Biología Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain., Goldshtein A; Tel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv Israel., Goodenough AE; Department of Natural and Social Sciences University of Gloucestershire Gloucestershire UK., Gosler AG; Department of Zoology Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology & Institute of Human Sciences Oxford UK., Grégoire A; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Campus CNRS Montpellier France., Gustafsson L; Department of Animal Ecology Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden., Harnist I; Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland., Hartley IR; Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK., Heeb P; Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique UPS Toulouse III Toulouse France., Hinsley SA; CEH Wallingford Maclean Building Wallingford Oxfordshire UK., Isenmann P; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Campus CNRS Montpellier France., Jacob S; Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique UPS Toulouse III Toulouse France., Juškaitis R; Institute of Ecology of Nature Research Centre Akademijos 2 Vilnius Lithuania., Korpimäki E; Section of Ecology Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland., Krams I; Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia., Laaksonen T; Section of Ecology Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland., Lambrechts MM; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Campus CNRS Montpellier France., Leclercq B; Crx. St. Pierre Fleurey Sur Ouche France., Lehikoinen E; Section of Ecology Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland., Loukola O; Department of Ecology University of Oulu Oulu Finland., Lundberg A; Department of Animal Ecology Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden., Mainwaring MC; Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK., Mänd R; Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia., Massa B; Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences Università di Palermo Palermo Italy., Mazgajski TD; Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland., Merino S; Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid Spain., Mitrus C; Department of Zoology Rzeszów University Rzeszów Poland., Mönkkönen M; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Campus CNRS Montpellier France; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland., Morin X; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Campus CNRS Montpellier France., Nager RG; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK., Nilsson JÅ; Animal Ecology Lund University Lund Sweden., Nilsson SG; Animal Ecology Lund University Lund Sweden., Norte AC; Department of Life SciencesInstitute of Marine ResearchUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal; Department of Life SciencesMARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences CentreUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal., Orell M; Department of Ecology University of Oulu Oulu Finland., Perret P; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Campus CNRS Montpellier France., Perrins CM; Department of Zoology Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology & Institute of Human Sciences Oxford UK., Pimentel CS; Centro de Estudos Florestais Instituto Superior de Agronomia University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal., Pinxten R; Department of Biology Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium; Didactica Research Unit Faculty of Social Sciences University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium., Richner H; Institute of Ecology & Evolution (IEE) University of Bern Bern Switzerland., Robles H; Department of Biology Evolutionary Ecology Group University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium; Evolutionary Biology Group (GIBE) Falculty of Sciences University of A Coruña A Coruña Spain., Rytkönen S; Department of Ecology University of Oulu Oulu Finland., Senar JC; Unidad Asociada CSIC de Ecología Evolutiva y de la Conducta Nat-Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona Barcelona Spain., Seppänen JT; Department of Ecology University of Oulu Oulu Finland., Pascoal da Silva L; Department of Life Sciences Institute of Marine Research University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal., Slagsvold T; Department of Biosciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway., Solonen T; Luontotutkimus Solonen Oy Helsinki Finland., Sorace A; SROPU Rome Italy., Stenning MJ; School of Life Sciences University of Sussex East Sussex UK., Tryjanowski P; Institute of Zoology Poznan University of Life Sciences Poznań Poland., von Numers M; Environmental and Marine Biology Åbo Akademi University Åbo Finland., Walankiewicz W; Department of Zoology Faculty of Natural Science Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities Siedlce Poland., Møller AP; Ecologie Systématique Evolution Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Agro Paris Tech, Université Paris-Saclay Orsay France. |
| Abstrakt: |
The increase in size of human populations in urban and agricultural areas has resulted in considerable habitat conversion globally. Such anthropogenic areas have specific environmental characteristics, which influence the physiology, life history, and population dynamics of plants and animals. For example, the date of bud burst is advanced in urban compared to nearby natural areas. In some birds, breeding success is determined by synchrony between timing of breeding and peak food abundance. Pertinently, caterpillars are an important food source for the nestlings of many bird species, and their abundance is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and date of bud burst. Higher temperatures and advanced date of bud burst in urban areas could advance peak caterpillar abundance and thus affect breeding phenology of birds. In order to test whether laying date advance and clutch sizes decrease with the intensity of urbanization, we analyzed the timing of breeding and clutch size in relation to intensity of urbanization as a measure of human impact in 199 nest box plots across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East (i.e., the Western Palearctic) for four species of hole-nesters: blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), great tits (Parus major), collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis), and pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). Meanwhile, we estimated the intensity of urbanization as the density of buildings surrounding study plots measured on orthophotographs. For the four study species, the intensity of urbanization was not correlated with laying date. Clutch size in blue and great tits does not seem affected by the intensity of urbanization, while in collared and pied flycatchers it decreased with increasing intensity of urbanization. This is the first large-scale study showing a species-specific major correlation between intensity of urbanization and the ecology of breeding. The underlying mechanisms for the relationships between life history and urbanization remain to be determined. We propose that effects of food abundance or quality, temperature, noise, pollution, or disturbance by humans may on their own or in combination affect laying date and/or clutch size. |
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