Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment.

Autor: Okbay A; Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.; Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands., Beauchamp JP; Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA., Fontana MA; Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA., Lee JJ; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA., Pers TH; Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2116, USA.; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.; Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark., Rietveld CA; Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.; Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands., Turley P; Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA., Chen GB; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia., Emilsson V; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland.; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík 107, Iceland., Meddens SF; Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.; Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.; Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands., Oskarsson S; Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden., Pickrell JK; New York Genome Center, New York, New York 10013, USA., Thom K; Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA., Timshel P; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby 2800, Denmark., de Vlaming R; Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.; Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands., Abdellaoui A; Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands., Ahluwalia TS; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.; COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark.; Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2820, Denmark., Bacelis J; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden., Baumbach C; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany., Bjornsdottir G; deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland., Brandsma JH; Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands., Pina Concas M; Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy., Derringer J; Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA., Furlotte NA; 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA., Galesloot TE; Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands., Girotto G; Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy., Gupta R; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland., Hall LM; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.; NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK., Harris SE; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.; Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK., Hofer E; Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria., Horikoshi M; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology &Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK., Huffman JE; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK., Kaasik K; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland., Kalafati IP; Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece., Karlsson R; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden., Kong A; deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland., Lahti J; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.; Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland., van der Lee SJ; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands., deLeeuw C; Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.; Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6525 EC, The Netherlands., Lind PA; Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia., Lindgren KO; Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden., Liu T; Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany., Mangino M; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK., Marten J; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK., Mihailov E; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia., Miller MB; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA., van der Most PJ; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands., Oldmeadow C; Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.; Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia., Payton A; Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.; Human Communication and Deafness, School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK., Pervjakova N; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.; Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland., Peyrot WJ; Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands., Qian Y; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA., Raitakari O; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland., Rueedi R; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland.; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland., Salvi E; Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy., Schmidt B; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany., Schraut KE; Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK., Shi J; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9780, USA., Smith AV; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland.; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland., Poot RA; Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands., St Pourcain B; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.; School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK., Teumer A; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany., Thorleifsson G; deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland., Verweij N; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands., Vuckovic D; Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy., Wellmann J; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany., Westra HJ; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.; Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.; Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA., Yang J; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA., Zhao W; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA., Zhu Z; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia., Alizadeh BZ; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands., Amin N; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands., Bakshi A; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia., Baumeister SE; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany., Biino G; Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia 27100, Italy., Bønnelykke K; COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark., Boyle PA; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.; Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA., Campbell H; Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK., Cappuccio FP; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK., Davies G; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK., De Neve JE; Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 1HP, UK., Deloukas P; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.; Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia., Demuth I; The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany.; Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany., Ding J; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA., Eibich P; German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.; Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK., Eisele L; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany., Eklund N; Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland., Evans DM; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia., Faul JD; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA., Feitosa MF; Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA., Forstner AJ; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany.; Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany., Gandin I; Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy., Gunnarsson B; deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland., Halldórsson BV; deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.; Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik 101, Iceland., Harris TB; Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA., Heath AC; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA., Hocking LJ; Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK., Holliday EG; Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.; Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia., Homuth G; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany., Horan MA; Manchester Medical School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK., Hottenga JJ; Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands., de Jager PL; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.; Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology &Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA., Joshi PK; Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK., Jugessur A; Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway., Kaakinen MA; Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK., Kähönen M; Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland.; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland., Kanoni S; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK., Keltigangas-Järvinen L; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland., Kiemeney LA; Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands., Kolcic I; Public Health, Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia., Koskinen S; Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland., Kraja AT; Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA., Kroh M; German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany., Kutalik Z; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland.; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1010, Switzerland., Latvala A; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland., Launer LJ; Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA., Lebreton MP; Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands.; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 XA, The Netherlands., Levinson DF; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5797, USA., Lichtenstein P; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden., Lichtner P; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany., Liewald DC; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK., Loukola A; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland., Madden PA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA., Mägi R; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia., Mäki-Opas T; Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland., Marioni RE; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.; Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK., Marques-Vidal P; Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland., Meddens GA; Tema BV, Hoofddorp, 2131 HE, The Netherlands., McMahon G; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK., Meisinger C; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany., Meitinger T; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany., Milaneschi Y; Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands., Milani L; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia., Montgomery GW; Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia., Myhre R; Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway., Nelson CP; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.; NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK., Nyholt DR; Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia., Ollier WE; Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK., Palotie A; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.; Psychiatric &Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA., Paternoster L; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK., Pedersen NL; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden., Petrovic KE; Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria., Porteous DJ; Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK., Räikkönen K; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.; Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland., Ring SM; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK., Robino A; Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste 34100, Italy., Rostapshova O; Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.; Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA., Rudan I; Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK., Rustichini A; Department of Economics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA., Salomaa V; Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland., Sanders AR; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3137, USA.; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA., Sarin AP; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.; Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00300 Helsinki, Finland., Schmidt H; Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.; Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, Graz 8010, Austria., Scott RJ; Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia.; Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia., Smith BH; Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK., Smith JA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA., Staessen JA; Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.; R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands., Steinhagen-Thiessen E; The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany., Strauch K; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.; Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, Munich 81377, Germany., Terracciano A; Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA., Tobin MD; Department of Health Sciences and Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK., Ulivi S; Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste 34100, Italy., Vaccargiu S; Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy., Quaye L; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK., van Rooij FJ; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands., Venturini C; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK., Vinkhuyzen AA; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia., Völker U; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany., Völzke H; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany., Vonk JM; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands., Vozzi D; Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA., Waage J; COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark.; Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2820, Denmark., Ware EB; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.; Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA., Willemsen G; Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands., Attia JR; Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.; Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia., Bennett DA; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA., Berger K; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands., Bertram L; Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics &Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany.; Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK., Bisgaard H; COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark., Boomsma DI; Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands., Borecki IB; Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA., Bültmann U; Department of Health Sciences, Community &Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands., Chabris CF; Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA., Cucca F; Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari 9042, Italy., Cusi D; Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy.; Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Segrate (Milano) 20090, Italy., Deary IJ; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK., Dedoussis GV; Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece., van Duijn CM; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands., Eriksson JG; Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland.; Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland., Franke B; Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands., Franke L; Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands., Gasparini P; Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.; Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste 34100, Italy.; Sidra, Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra, Doha 26999, Qatar., Gejman PV; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3137, USA.; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA., Gieger C; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany., Grabe HJ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund 18437, Germany., Gratten J; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia., Groenen PJ; Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands., Gudnason V; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland.; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland., van der Harst P; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.; Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands., Hayward C; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.; Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK., Hinds DA; 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA., Hoffmann W; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany., Hyppönen E; Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.; Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK., Iacono WG; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA., Jacobsson B; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden.; Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway., Järvelin MR; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment &Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.; Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.; Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, 90029 Oulu, Finland.; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland., Jöckel KH; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany., Kaprio J; 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Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Nature [Nature] 2016 May 26; Vol. 533 (7604), pp. 539-42. Date of Electronic Publication: 2016 May 11.
DOI: 10.1038/nature17671
Abstrakt: Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.
Databáze: MEDLINE