Current Status of Development of Methods to Assess Effects of Cumulative or Aggregated Underwater Sounds on Marine Mammals.

Autor: Fleishman E; John Muir Institute of the Environment, The Barn, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. efleishman@ucdavis.edu., Streever B; BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc., Anchorage, AK, 99519, USA. streevbj@bp.com., Angliss R; National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA. robyn.angliss@noaa.gov., Clark CW; Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA. cwc2@cornell.edu., Ellison WT; Marine Acoustics, Inc., Marshfield, MA, 02050, USA. wemai@aol.com., Frankel A; Marine Acoustics, Inc., Shady Side, MD, 20764, USA. adam.frankel@marineacoustics.com., Gedamke J; Office of Science and Technology, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA. jason.gedamke@noaa.gov., Leu M; Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA. mleu@wm.edu., McKenna M; Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division, United States National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA. megan.mckenna@gmail.com., Racca R; JASCO Applied Sciences, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8Z 7X8. roberto.racca@jasco.com., Simmons S; Marine Mammal Commission, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. ssimmons@mmc.gov., Suydam R; North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK, 99723, USA. robert.suydam@north-slope.org.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Advances in experimental medicine and biology [Adv Exp Med Biol] 2016; Vol. 875, pp. 303-11.
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_36
Abstrakt: There are no standards for assessment of the cumulative effects of underwater sound. Quantitative assessments typically consider a single source, whereas qualitative assessments may include multiple sources but rarely identify response variables. As a step toward understanding the cumulative effects of underwater sound, we assessed the aggregated sounds of multiple sources received by migrating bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus). The quantitative method models the sound field from multiple sources and simulates movement of a population through it. The qualitative method uses experts to assess the responses of individuals and populations to sound sources and identify the potential mechanisms. These methods increase the transparency of assessments.
Databáze: MEDLINE