Human activities change marine ecosystems by altering predation risk.

Autor: Madin EM; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia., Dill LM; Evolutionary and Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada., Ridlon AD; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA., Heithaus MR; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL, 33181, USA., Warner RR; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Global change biology [Glob Chang Biol] 2016 Jan; Vol. 22 (1), pp. 44-60. Date of Electronic Publication: 2015 Oct 08.
DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13083
Abstrakt: In ocean ecosystems, many of the changes in predation risk - both increases and decreases - are human-induced. These changes are occurring at scales ranging from global to local and across variable temporal scales. Indirect, risk-based effects of human activity are known to be important in structuring some terrestrial ecosystems, but these impacts have largely been neglected in oceans. Here, we synthesize existing literature and data to explore multiple lines of evidence that collectively suggest diverse human activities are changing marine ecosystems, including carbon storage capacity, in myriad ways by altering predation risk. We provide novel, compelling evidence that at least one key human activity, overfishing, can lead to distinct, cascading risk effects in natural ecosystems whose magnitude exceeds that of presumed lethal effects and may account for previously unexplained findings. We further discuss the conservation implications of human-caused indirect risk effects. Finally, we provide a predictive framework for when human alterations of risk in oceans should lead to cascading effects and outline a prospectus for future research. Given the speed and extent with which human activities are altering marine risk landscapes, it is crucial that conservation and management policy considers the indirect effects of these activities in order to increase the likelihood of success and avoid unfortunate surprises.
(© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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