Autophagy modulates articular cartilage vesicle formation in primary articular chondrocytes.

Autor:	Rosenthal AK; From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53295, ann.rosenthal@va.gov., Gohr CM; From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53295., Mitton-Fitzgerald E; From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53295., Grewal R; From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53295., Ninomiya J; Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and., Coyne CB; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219., Jackson WT; Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	The Journal of biological chemistry [J Biol Chem] 2015 May 22; Vol. 290 (21), pp. 13028-38. Date of Electronic Publication: 2015 Apr 13.
DOI:	10.1074/jbc.M114.630558
Abstrakt:	Chondrocyte-derived extracellular organelles known as articular cartilage vesicles (ACVs) participate in non-classical protein secretion, intercellular communication, and pathologic calcification. Factors affecting ACV formation and release remain poorly characterized; although in some cell types, the generation of extracellular vesicles is associated with up-regulation of autophagy. We sought to determine the role of autophagy in ACV production by primary articular chondrocytes. Using an innovative dynamic model with a light scatter nanoparticle counting apparatus, we determined the effects of autophagy modulators on ACV number and content in conditioned medium from normal adult porcine and human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Healthy articular chondrocytes release ACVs into conditioned medium and show significant levels of ongoing autophagy. Rapamycin, which promotes autophagy, increased ACV numbers in a dose- and time-dependent manner associated with increased levels of autophagy markers and autophagosome formation. These effects were suppressed by pharmacologic autophagy inhibitors and short interfering RNA for ATG5. Caspase-3 inhibition and a Rho/ROCK inhibitor prevented rapamycin-induced increases in ACV number. Osteoarthritic chondrocytes, which are deficient in autophagy, did not increase ACV number in response to rapamycin. SMER28, which induces autophagy via an mTOR-independent mechanism, also increased ACV number. ACVs induced under all conditions had similar ecto-enzyme specific activities and types of RNA, and all ACVs contained LC3, an autophagosome-resident protein. These findings identify autophagy as a critical participant in ACV formation, and augment our understanding of ACVs in cartilage disease and repair. (© 2015 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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