Protected areas in tropical Africa: assessing threats and conservation activities.

Autor: Tranquilli S; Department of Biological Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom., Abedi-Lartey M; Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany., Abernethy K; African Forest Ecology Group, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom; IRET, Libreville, Gabon., Amsini F; Frankfurt Zoological Society, Maiko National Park, Tshopo, Democratic Republic of Congo., Asamoah A; Environmental Sustainability Project, United Nations Development Programme/Ghana Cocoa Board, Adabraka, Accra, Ghana., Balangtaa C; Wildlife Division of Forestry Commission of Ghana, Ankasa Conservation Area, Elubo, Takoradi, Ghana., Blake S; Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, United States of America; Whitney Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri - Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America., Bouanga E; Ministère de la Forêt, de l'Environnement et de la Protection des Ressources Naturelles, Libreville, Gabon., Breuer T; Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo., Brncic TM; Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Campbell G; Independent Researcher, Montreal, Canada., Chancellor R; Departments of Anthropology & Sociology, and Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, United States of America., Chapman CA; Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, United States of America; Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada., Davenport TR; Wildlife Conservation Society, Tanzania Program, Zanzibar, Tanzania., Dunn A; Wildlife Conservation Society, Calabar, Nigeria., Dupain J; African Wildlife Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya., Ekobo A; World Wide Fund for Nature, Limbe, Cameroon., Eno-Nku M; World Wide Fund for Nature, Mount Cameroon NP, Limbe, Cameroon., Etoga G; World Wide Fund for Nature CARPO, Jengi Tridom, Yaundé, Cameroon., Furuichi T; Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Support for Conservation of Bonobos, Luo Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo., Gatti S; West African Primate Conservation Action, Accra, Ghana., Ghiurghi A; Independent Researcher, Rome, Italy., Hashimoto C; Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Support for Conservation of Bonobos, Luo Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo., Hart JA; Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo., Head J; Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany., Hega M; Wildlife Conservation Society, Monts de Cristal, Gabon., Herbinger I; World Wide Fund for Nature, Berlin, Germany., Hicks TC; Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Holbech LH; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana., Huijbregts B; World Wide Fund for Nature, Central Africa Regional Programme Office, Yaoundé, Cameroon., Kühl HS; Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany., Imong I; Wildlife Conservation Society, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany., Yeno SL; World Wide Fund for Nature, Gamba, Libreville, Gabon., Linder J; Department of Sociology and Anthropology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America., Marshall P; North Eastern Parks Programme, Windhoek, Namibia., Lero PM; Directorate of Wildlife Service, Ministry of Interior and Wildlife Conservation, Juba, Republic of South Sudan., Morgan D; Lester E. Fisher Center for Great Ape Research, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America., Mubalama L; World Wide Fund for Nature, Itombwe Conservation Programme, Bukavu, South Kivu Province, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo., N'Goran PK; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire., Nicholas A; Wildlife Conservation Society, Ruaha-Katavi Landscape, Tanzania., Nixon S; Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom., Normand E; Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire., Nziguyimpa L; Institut National pour l'Environnement et la Conservation de la Nature, Bururi, Burundi., Nzooh-Dongmo Z; World Wide Fund for Nature CARPO, Jengi Tridom, Yaundé, Cameroon., Ofori-Amanfo R; Bia Conservation Area, Sefwi Wiawso, Ghana., Ogunjemite BG; Department Ecotourism and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria., Petre CA; Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Forestry, Unit of Forest and Nature Management, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium; Education and Nature, Conservation Biology Unit, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium., Rainey HJ; Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, United States of America., Regnaut S; International Union for Conservation of Nature, Protected Areas Program West and Central Africa, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso., Robinson O; Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife, Korup National Park, Ndian, Cameroon., Rundus A; Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, United States of America., Sanz CM; Department of Anthropology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America., Okon DT; World Wide Fund for Nature, Korup National Park, Limbe, Cameroon., Todd A; World Wide Fund for Nature, Bangui, Central African Republic., Warren Y; Wildlife Conservation Society, Limbe, Cameroon., Sommer V; Department of Biological Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: PloS one [PLoS One] 2014 Dec 03; Vol. 9 (12), pp. e114154. Date of Electronic Publication: 2014 Dec 03 (Print Publication: 2014).
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114154
Abstrakt: Numerous protected areas (PAs) have been created in Africa to safeguard wildlife and other natural resources. However, significant threats from anthropogenic activities and decline of wildlife populations persist, while conservation efforts in most PAs are still minimal. We assessed the impact level of the most common threats to wildlife within PAs in tropical Africa and the relationship of conservation activities with threat impact level. We collated data on 98 PAs with tropical forest cover from 15 countries across West, Central and East Africa. For this, we assembled information about local threats as well as conservation activities from published and unpublished literature, and questionnaires sent to long-term field workers. We constructed general linear models to test the significance of specific conservation activities in relation to the threat impact level. Subsistence and commercial hunting were identified as the most common direct threats to wildlife and found to be most prevalent in West and Central Africa. Agriculture and logging represented the most common indirect threats, and were most prevalent in West Africa. We found that the long-term presence of conservation activities (such as law enforcement, research and tourism) was associated with lower threat impact levels. Our results highlight deficiencies in the management effectiveness of several PAs across tropical Africa, and conclude that PA management should invest more into conservation activities with long-term duration.
Databáze: MEDLINE