Electron microscopy of pharmaceutical systems.
Autor: | Klang V; University of Vienna, Research Platform Characterisation of Drug Delivery Systems on Skin and Investigation of Involved Mechanisms, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria., Valenta C, Matsko NB |
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Jazyk: | angličtina |
Zdroj: | Micron (Oxford, England : 1993) [Micron] 2013 Jan; Vol. 44, pp. 45-74. Date of Electronic Publication: 2012 Aug 08. |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.micron.2012.07.008 |
Abstrakt: | During the last decades, the focus of research in pharmaceutical technology has steadily shifted towards the development and optimisation of nano-scale drug delivery systems. As a result, electron microscopic methods are increasingly employed for the characterisation of pharmaceutical systems such as nanoparticles and microparticles, nanoemulsions, microemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, different types of vesicles, nanofibres and many more. Knowledge of the basic properties of these systems is essential for an adequate microscopic analysis. Classical transmission and scanning electron microscopic techniques frequently have to be adapted for an accurate analysis of formulation morphology, especially in case of hydrated colloidal systems. Specific techniques such as environmental scanning microscopy or cryo preparation are required for their investigation. Analytical electron microscopic techniques such as electron energy-loss spectroscopy or energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy are additional assets to determine the elemental composition of the systems, but are not yet standard tools in pharmaceutical research. This review provides an overview of pharmaceutical systems of interest in current research and strategies for their successful electron microscopic analysis. Advantages and limitations of the different methodological approaches are discussed and recent findings of interest are presented. (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.) |
Databáze: | MEDLINE |
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