Benefits of two mitigation strategies for container vessels: cleaner engines and cleaner fuels.
| Autor: | Khan MY; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA., Giordano M, Gutierrez J, Welch WA, Asa-Awuku A, Miller JW, Cocker DR 3rd |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Zdroj: | Environmental science & technology [Environ Sci Technol] 2012 May 01; Vol. 46 (9), pp. 5049-56. Date of Electronic Publication: 2012 Apr 11. |
| DOI: | 10.1021/es2043646 |
| Abstrakt: | Emissions from ocean-going vessels (OGVs) are a significant health concern for people near port communities. This paper reports the emission benefits for two mitigation strategies, cleaner engines and cleaner fuels, for a 2010 container vessel. In-use emissions were measured following International Organization for Standardization (ISO) protocols. The overall in-use nitrogen oxide (NO(x)) emission factor was 16.1 ± 0.1 gkW(-1) h(-1), lower than the Tier 1 certification (17 gkW(-1) h(-1)) and significantly lower than the benchmark value of 18.7 gkW(-1) h(-1) commonly used for estimating emission inventories. The in-use particulate matter (PM(2.5)) emission was 1.42 ± 0.04 gkW(-1) h(-1) for heavy fuel oil (HFO) containing 2.51 wt % sulfur. Unimodal (∼30 nm) and bimodal (∼35 nm; ∼75 nm) particle number size distributions (NSDs) were observed when the vessel operated on marine gas oil (MGO) and HFO, respectively. First-time emission measurements during fuel switching (required 24 nautical miles from coastline) showed that concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) and particle NSD took ∼55 min to reach steady-state when switching from MGO to HFO and ∼84 min in the opposite direction. Therefore, if OGVs commence fuel change at the regulated boundary, then vessels can travel up to 90% of the distance to the port before steady-state values are re-established. The transient behavior follows a classic, nonlinear mixing function driven by the amount of fuel in day tank and the fuel consumption rate. Hence, to achieve the maximum benefits from a fuel change regulation, fuel switch boundary should be further increased to provide the intended benefits for the people living near the ports. (© 2012 American Chemical Society) |
| Databáze: | MEDLINE |
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