| Autor: |
Smits RE; Department of Innovation Studies, Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Faculty of Geo-sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands. r.smits@geo.uu.nl, Boon WP |
| Jazyk: |
angličtina |
| Zdroj: |
Drug discovery today [Drug Discov Today] 2008 Apr; Vol. 13 (7-8), pp. 353-9. Date of Electronic Publication: 2008 Feb 14. |
| DOI: |
10.1016/j.drudis.2007.12.006 |
| Abstrakt: |
Traditionally, innovation in the pharmaceutical industry is organised according to the linear model. Over the past two decades this model lost its meaning as a result of rising costs, increased competition, new scientific developments and better-informed, more demanding users. The linear model is not well equipped to involve these new actors and to include their feedback. Starting from a systemic approach, the involvement of actors in pharmaceutical innovation processes, more in particular users, is put central. It is discussed and illustrated with three cases why a systemic model may be more effective to cope with present developments and why users should be involved. To wind up, conclusions are drawn regarding the implications of a systemic approach for policymakers, researchers and firms. |
| Databáze: |
MEDLINE |
| Externí odkaz: |
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