| Abstrakt: |
A variety of small peptides bind calmodulin (CaM) and inhibit CaM-dependent enzyme activity. The cyclic peptides cyclosporin A (CSA) and gramicidin-S (GRS) are shown to bind CaM and inhibit 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) in a calcium-dependent manner. The cyclic peptide microcystin-LR (MLR) and the depsipeptides, valinomycin (VLM) and enniatin-B (ENB), bind to CaM and inhibit PDE activity. Spectral changes exhibited by the binding of MLR, VLM and ENB to dansyl-CaM as compared to that of CSA and GRS reflected different binding sites and/or different conformational changes. The apparent binding constants (Kd) for CaM-peptide were estimated and found to be 4.8 microM for CSA, 2.85 microM GRS, 12.99 microM MLR, 4.29 microM VLM and 41.26 microM ENB. Although these peptides did not inhibit baseline PDE activity, they did inhibit CaM-dependent PDE activity in a dose-dependent manner. Half-maximal inhibition (IC50) of PDE occurred approximately at 0.11 microM MLR; 0.45 microM GRS; and greater than 5 microM for ENB, CSA and VLM. This may be the first observation that these peptides (MLR, VLM and ENB) bind to a known cytoplasmic protein and inhibit an enzyme system dependent on that protein for optimal activity. Interaction of these peptides with CaM may be responsible for creating conformational-functional changes in CaM, thus altering the signal transduction mechanism required for CaM-dependent enzymes, such as cyclic nucleotidase, protein kinases and phospholipase A2. |
