| Abstrakt: |
The use of ethanol blending for gasoline has been found to have a significant effect in reducing emissions without any loss in the performance of a spark ignition engine. However, an increase in the emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NO x) may be seen due to the increased oxygen content in the fuel. On the contrary, emulsifying fuel with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) has shown a substantial effect in reducing all the emissions, including NO x in a compression ignition (CI) engine. In this study, 10% ethanol is blended with gasoline (E10) and further emulsified with H 2 O 2 up to 1.5%. When compared to neat gasoline, a 4.8% increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is obtained with 10% ethanol and 1.5% H 2 O 2. The corresponding average decrease in the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and NO x were 80%, 43%, and 17%, respectively. The results of the experimental trials are used to model an artificial neural network (ANN) to derive a relationship between the input factors of ethanol concentration, H 2 O 2 concentration, and engine speeds with the output responses of BTE, CO, HC, and NO x. The ANN models of each response are optimized using a multi-objective particle swarm optimization (PSO) for maximizing BTE and minimizing emissions of CO, HC, and NO x. The PSO results showed that operating the engine at 2000 rpm using ethanol blending between 4 and 6% and H 2 O 2 emulsification of 1.5% are the best optimal conditions. [Display omitted] • H 2 O 2 of 1.5% concentration increased BTE and reduced all emissions. • Hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals of H 2 O 2 combinedly contribute to reduce NOx. • 10% Ethanol improves BTE and CO, HC emissions; but increases NOx. • The optimal concentration of Ethanol is 4–6%, H 2 O 2 is 1.5% obtained from ANN-PSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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