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BackgroundSmartphone apps are a convenient, low-cost approach to delivering smoking cessation support to large numbers of individuals. Yet, the apps are susceptible to low rates of user engagement and retention. ObjectiveThis study aims to test the effects of a new game module (called Inner Dragon) integrated into Smoke Free (23 Limited), a leading smoking cessation app with established efficacy. The primary outcomes measured user engagement with the app. MethodsA 2-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial was conducted in the United States with an 8-week follow-up. Adult individuals who smoked ≥1 cigarettes daily and planned to quit smoking within 7 days were recruited and randomized (N=500), with equal allocation. Both groups received free access to the original Smoke Free app with “core” features of its smoking cessation program (eg, a diary and craving log). The treated group received additional access to the integrated Inner Dragon game that incorporated several game mechanics designed to increase user engagement. User engagement outcomes were the number of unique app sessions, average minutes per session, days with a session, and program adherence. Self-reported and verified smoking abstinence and app satisfaction were also assessed. The main analysis estimated the intention-to-treat effect of access to Inner Dragon on each outcome. Further analyses assessed effect modification by participant characteristics and the association of intensity of game use with program adherence and abstinence. ResultsOverall, user engagement was greater for treated versus control participants: they had 5.3 more sessions of Smoke Free (mean 29.6, SD 36.5 sessions vs mean 24.3, SD 37.9 sessions; P=.06), 0.8 more minutes per session (mean 6.9, SD 5.4 min vs mean 6.1, SD 5.2 min; P=.047), and 3.4 more days with a session (mean 14.3, SD 15.3 days vs mean 11.9, SD 14.3 days; P=.03). Program adherence, based on the number of times core features of the original Smoke Free app were used, was higher for treated versus control participants (mean 29.4, SD 41.3 times vs mean 22.6, SD 35.6 times; P=.03). Self-reported 7-day and 30-day point-prevalence abstinence and verified 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 8 weeks did not significantly differ by study group. The mean repeated 1-day prevalence of quitting was higher among the treated group versus the control group (mean 17.3%, SD 25.6 vs mean 12.4%, SD 21.3; P=.01). App satisfaction and the motivation to (stay) quit did not differ by study group. Higher intensity of game use was associated with increased program adherence and self-reported abstinence. ConclusionsFindings suggest that the Inner Dragon game increased user engagement and program adherence. Additional refinements to the game design may clarify whether the game increases abstinence rates. Overall, it is feasible to deploy games and gamification to enhance user engagement in existing smoking cessation interventions. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT05227027; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05227027 |
