| Autor: |
Gerhard Moitzi, Lukas J. Koppensteiner, Agnieszka Klimek-Kopyra, Jaroslav Bernas, Hans-Peter Kaul, Helmut Wagentristl, Pia Euteneuer, Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner |
| Jazyk: |
angličtina |
| Rok vydání: |
2024 |
| Předmět: |
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| Zdroj: |
Heliyon, Vol 10, Iss 19, Pp e37923- (2024) |
| Druh dokumentu: |
article |
| ISSN: |
2405-8440 |
| DOI: |
10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37923 |
| Popis: |
Energy efficiency analysis provides a deeper understanding of non-renewable energy dependent cropping systems. In this study, we examined the crop yield and energy efficiency of facultative rainfed wheat (WW – winter wheat, WS – spring wheat) and mineral nitrogen (N) fertilization (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1) in two growing seasons 2019/20 and 2020/21 in Central Europe. WW out performed WS significantly overall (2019/20: +30.3 to +47.9 %; 2020/21: +18.9 to +37.3 %) in terms of energy efficiency indicators. The impact of N fertilization on energy efficiency was minimal, largely due to one dose application of mineral N fertilizer. The highest estimated net-energy output (NEO) was observed at 160.2 kg N ha−1, which may not sustainable for this pedo-climatic region due to potential N emissions risks. Zero N fertilization showed best performance in terms of energy use efficiency (EUE), energy intensity (EI), and energy productivity (EP). The ERG z-score, which combines NEO and EUE into a single bi-dimensional indicator, indicated an optimal N fertilization level of 72.0 kg N ha−1. |
| Databáze: |
Directory of Open Access Journals |
| Externí odkaz: |
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