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Yoksulluk tüm Dünya’da yaygın olarak görülen önemli bir toplumsal sorundur. Yoksulluğu tamamen ortadan kaldırmak mümkün olmamakla birlikte, toplum kesimlerinin gelir kaynaklarını çeşitlendirerek ve gelir seviyelerini yükselterek yoksullukla mücadele edilebilir. Türkiye’de yoksullukla mücadelede en temel politika aracı sosyal yardımlardır. Sosyal yardımların toplumsal gelir dağılımı üzerindeki etkisinin ülkeden ülkeye farklılık göstermektedir. Türkiye’de yardımların düzensiz dağıtılması, yardım başına verilen tutarın düşük olması, yardım kuruluşları arasındaki iletişim eksikliği yardımların etkinliğini azaltmaktadır. Kamu tarafından verilen sosyal yardımlara ilişkin işlemler merkez ve yerelde faaliyet gösteren kurum ve kuruluşlarca yürütülmektedir. Yereldeki sosyal yardım faaliyetlerinin neredeyse tamamı belediyeler vasıtasıyla yerine getirilmektedir. Uygulamada belediyelerin sosyal yardımların dağıtımı konusunda şeffaf olmadığı değerlendirilmekle birlikte yardımların yararlanıcılara dağıtımında kayırmacılığın ön plana çıktığı görülmüştür. EXTENDED SUMMARY The boundaries of poverty, its size in the country, and its effects on people's lives differ according to structure, economy, and are based on calories. Although poverty can be defined in different ways, it has a similar appearance in almost every country. Poverty is the inability to reach an economic income that can meet the minimum living conditions. This is the simplest definition of poverty. Apart from that, poverty is generally expressed as the state of being deprived of material resources and opportunities, and sometimes as the state of being deprived of social, political and cultural resources and opportunities. Poverty is not unique to the individual. The state of being lack of basic necessities, shelter, heating, protection, etc. that will maintain the minimum life level of a people at the lowest level is expressed as poverty. Social assistance provides a solution to the problem of not satisfying the basic needs seen due to poverty. It aims to bring the segments of society in economic deprivation to a level where they can meet their own needs as soon as possible. Although the target group of social assistance is all poor, the severity of the material deprivation experienced by each poor and the structural form of poverty are different, so it is subjected to a dual distinction. The target group in the first group is classified as traditional social assistance beneficiaries, and the target group in the second group is classified as new social assistance beneficiaries. The number of social assistance beneficiaries is scattered across the country. Therefore, it does not seem possible to fully carry out social assistance activities without the support of local governments. Municipalities in Turkey increased powers for social assistance and services in the 1980s. In these years, they took important roles in alleviating the new type of urban poverty that started to be seen with migration in city centers. Establishing the necessary legal infrastructure for social assistance services and increasing budget resources have strengthened the hand of the municipalities in this area. After this date, municipalities started to stand out more than central organizations in social assistance practices. These effects also continued to be seen in the 2000s. Since the administrative bodies of the municipalities came to power by election, the concept of social municipalism has been moved to a more important point for political actors in order to sustain the support of the society. Because every assistance is actually considered as a vote won. In the Strategic Plan prepared by the Prime Ministry General Directorate of Social Assistance and Solidarity for the years 2009-2013, it was considered “the absence of a common database of public institutions and NGOs providing social assistance services, avoiding data sharing, lack of common terminology, the existence of many institutions and organizations operating in the field of social assistance and this leads to duplication in assistance, Inadequate cooperation between public institutions operating in the field of service and municipalities, resulting problems, municipalities' social assistance activities are largely similar to Foundations, Municipalities are largely against the use of common databases with SYDVs and NGOs " as a threat under the current situation analysis heading (SYDGM, 2009). Kerman and Çiçek (2009) revealed that Isparta Municipality makes political discrimination in the provision of services, municipal officials do not act impartially in determining the neediness criteria, the reason for the increase in services is voting anxiety, individuals cannot benefit from these activities sufficiently and what has been done is to reduce poverty in their study on the perception of individuals benefiting from social assistance services of municipalities. Tiyek (2012) determines the appropriate beneficiaries depending on the criteria when making social assistance, the criteria for determining the amount of social assistance distributed for each person, how much the amount of the budget allocated for social assistance over the years, and the social assistance of the beneficiaries. He stated that it is not clear whether the data is shared with other institutions or not. He also stated that while determining the beneficiaries of social assistance, municipal administrations act with a "clientalist and nepotist" approach rather than a "rights-based approach", that municipalities are administrative institutions of a political nature, and especially the election mechanism gives the municipal institution a political identity in his study. Results and Conclusions In this study, the role of municipalities in the fulfillment of social assistance policies and social assistance activities for poverty reduction has been revealed. An evaluation has been made about the problems created by the role of municipalities in the current social assistance system and the related solutions. Municipalities are not primarily responsible for social assistance activities. Since the assistances provided by the municipalities are made partisanly without adequate planning and monitoring the results, it causes a serious waste of resources and duplication. Municipalities act freely, far from supervision, ignoring the principle of accountability and involving political myopia in social assistance activities. It is not known exactly what the amount of their assistances is, to whom the assistance is provided, what the conditions are required to benefit from the assistance. Therefore, even though it is a public institution, municipalities which are a political institution, should be prohibited from providing social assistance with a legal regulation. |
