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Articular cartilage is essential for the motion of the skeleton. However, this tissue is unable to spontaneously repair once injured, since it is avascular and aneural. Numerous repair strategies are developed, but they do not lead to a functional tissue and research into cartilage repair focuses now on tissue engineering technics. Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), present in various tissues, have the potential to differentiate into chondrocytes in vitro in response to specific growth factors. The members of the transforming growth factor beta, among them the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, appear very promising inducers in this context. BMP-2 favours chondrogenic expression, in particular expression of type IIB collagen, the cartilage-specific isoform of this collagen. Therefore, collagen type IIB is a good indicator of the differentiation state of MSC. However, since BMP-2 has also osteogenic properties, it is critical to differentially control chondrogenic and osteogenic properties of BMP-2 when used with MSC. Strategies for this control are presented in this review. Most likely, this is the combination of growth factors such as BMP-2 with biomaterials that will lead to the successful use of MSC for cartilage repair. |
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