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To investigate the temporal trend of antibiotic use among children in Shanghai from 2017 to 2020. The stratified cluster sampling method was used to establish a dynamic cohort of healthy children based on primary schools in Changning District, Shanghai. In the cohort, there were 282 children from 2017, 287 children from 2018, 294 from 2019 and 301 from 2020. A total of 700 children aged 7-11 years were included in the study. The basic information and antibiotic use of children were investigated by questionnaire every year, and their height and weight were measured at the same time. Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference of antibiotic use rate in each year and generalized estimation equation was used to analyze the temporal trend of antibiotic use. The results showed that the use rates of all antibiotics, cephalosporins, azithromycin and other antibiotics (including penicillin, lincomycin, quinolones, etc.) of children between 2017 and 2020 were 15.6%, 10.5%, 2.7%, and 2.4%, respectively. In 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020, there were significant differences for the use rates of total antibiotics and other antibiotics in children (为了解2017—2020年上海市儿童抗生素使用情况，本研究采用分层整群抽样方法，以上海市长宁区小学为基础，建立儿童健康动态队列。2017—2020年共纳入700名7~11岁儿童作为研究对象，其中2017、2018、2019和2020年分别为282、287、294和301名儿童。每年采用问卷调查儿童基本信息和抗生素使用情况，同时测量身高和体重。采用χ²检验分析各年抗生素使用率的差异和广义估计方程分析抗生素使用的变化趋势。结果显示，2017—2020年儿童总抗生素使用率为15.6%，头孢菌素类使用率为10.5%，阿奇霉素使用率为2.7%，其他抗生素（包括青霉素类、林可霉素类和喹诺酮类等）使用率为2.4%。儿童总抗生素使用率和其他抗生素使用率各年差异有统计学意义（ |
