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Puberteta je proces telesnega zorenja, za katerega so značilni pospešena rast telesa, razvoj sekundarnih spolnih znakov in začetek zmožnosti reprodukcije. Je nekakšno zaporedje bioloških procesov, ki označujejo prehod iz otroške v odraslo dobo. Pri dekletih je začetek pubertete nekoliko zgodnejši kot pri fantih. V povprečju se začne od desetega do enajstega leta starosti, pri fantih pri enajstih oziroma dvanajstih letih starosti. Med puberteto primarni spolni znaki, ženski in moški spolni organi, dozorijo in sekundarni spolni znaki se dokončno razvijejo. Primarne spolne znake imamo od rojstva in so značilni za posamezen spol. To so spolni organi. Sekundarni spolni znaki pa se pojavijo med puberteto. Mednje uvrščamo spremembe v telesni višini in sestavi, razvoj dojk, razvoj mod in penisa, poraščenost telesa, spremembo glasu. Ti označujejo začetek spolne zrelosti. S pojmom puberteta se učenci prvič srečajo v 4. razredu osnovne šole. Tema je v učnem načrtu za naravoslovje in tehniko vključena v področju človek. Cilj, ki se na to temo nanaša, je: »Učenci znajo opisati puberteto in spremembe v spolnem razvoju pri dekletih in fantih.« Poučevanje in učenje o puberteti naj bi se začelo v osnovni šoli z namenom, da se zaobseže čim večje število otrok. Učenje o puberteti naj bi se po priporočilih začelo že pred začetkom tega obdobja. Z leti pa naj bi se osvojeno zunanje poglabljalo in bilo bolj kompleksno. V obdobju pubertete pride tako do telesnih sprememb kot tudi do čustvenih sprememb. Pomembno je, da smo odrasli, učitelji, starši odprti do otrokovih vprašanj in zagat, nejasnosti in stisk in da se z njimi iskreno o tem pogovarjamo ter smo jim pripravljeni pomagati. Če otroci razumejo, kaj se z njimi dogaja in zakaj, lahko to vpliva na razvoj njihove pozitivne samopodobe. Pouk se lahko podkrepi z različnimi didaktičnimi sredstvi. Učbenik je didaktično sredstvo, ki vsebuje znanstvene in strokovne vsebine. Oblikovan je v skladu z učnim načrtom za določen predmet. Učna gradiva, ki so namenjena učencem prvih let šolanja, morajo spodbujati različna področja otrokovega razvoja, in sicer socialno, moralno, čustveno in spoznavno področje. Pri izbiri učnih gradiv morajo biti učitelji pozorni na to, da je učno gradivo primerno za učence, in sicer da je snov napisana jasno in jedrnato, da je v skladu z učnim načrtom pozorni morajo biti tudi na učinke, ki se z uporabo učbenika dosežejo. V magistrski nalogi smo analizirali trenutno potrjene učbenike za naravoslovje in tehniko v 4. razredu osnovne šole, saj smo želeli ugotoviti, ali so učbeniška gradiva vsebinsko in didaktično ustrezna. Raziskovali smo tudi stališča učiteljev do poučevanja teme puberteta v četrtem razredu osnovne šole. Za raziskovalni pripomoček pri deskriptivni metodi empiričnega kvalitativnega raziskovanja smo uporabili poglobljen polstrukturiran intervju. Vzorec je bil izbran namensko in je obsegal 20 učiteljev četrtega razreda osnovne šole iz različnih okolij in delov Slovenije. Raziskava je pokazala, da tem o puberteti ne vključujejo vsi trenutno potrjeni učbeniki za naravoslovje in tehniko v četrtem razredu. Tisti, ki temo vključujejo, pa jo obravnavajo na kratko. Učbeniki so podkrepljeni z eno ali dvema slikama, ki dopolnjujejo besedilo. Nekateri učbeniki vključujejo tudi naloge na to temo. Ugotovili smo, da učitelji temi posvetijo od dveh do deset ur na leto. Največ pozornosti posvečajo telesnim spremembam, ki se zgodijo v tem obdobju in tudi čustvenim in vedenjskim spremembam. Poudarek pripisujejo razumevanju teh sprememb. Pri poučevanju te teme najpogosteje uporabljajo učno obliko dela v skupinah ali frontalno delo ter učni metodi pogovora in razlage. Učitelji pri svojem delu največ uporabljajo učbenike, za katere menijo, da imajo temo preskopo zajeto, a so vseeno strokovno ustrezni. Ugotovili smo, da so po učiteljevem mnenju učenci do teme sprva zadržani, vendar se po pogovoru in razlagi sprostijo in sodelujejo, saj jih tema zelo zanima. Puberty is a process of maturation of the human body and is characterized by accelerated growth of the body, development of secondary sexual characteristics, and the beginning of ability to reproduce. It is a sequence of biological processes that mark the transition from childhood to adulthood. Girls start puberty earlier than boys, on average between ten and eleven years of age. Boys start puberty at eleven or twelve years of age. Primary sexual characteristics, sexual organs, mature during puberty and secondary sexual characteristics develop. Primary sexual characteristics are present from birth and are specific to each sex. They are sexual organs. Secondary sexual characteristics develop during puberty and include changes in height and composition of the body, growth of breasts, testicles, and penis development, and body hair and voice change. These signs mark the beginning of puberty. Pupils encounter the word puberty in the 4th grade of elementary school. The topic is covered in the curriculum for Science and engineering in the field called the human. The main goal covering this topic is: “Students can describe puberty and changes in sexual development in girls and boys.” Teaching and learning about puberty begin in elementary school to reach as many children as possible. It is recommended that learning about it begins before the actual beginning of puberty. Through the years, the knowledge they gained should deepen and become more complex. During puberty, changes happen in the physical and emotional fields. Adults, teachers, and parents must be open to children's questions and dilemmas, problems and confusions that puberty brings. We should talk to them sincerely and openly about it and should be ready to help them. When children understand what is happening to them and why, they develop more positive self-esteem. Lessons can be supported by different didactic tools. A textbook is a didactic tool that contains scientific and professional content. It is designed following the national curriculum for a specific subject. Learning materials meant for elementary school and younger learners in their first years of schooling must encourage the development of different areas, such as social, moral, emotional, and cognitive areas. When choosing teaching materials, attention must be paid to the fact that the teaching materials are suitable for students, that the materials are written clearly and concisely, and that the materials are written according to the curriculum. Teachers must also pay attention to the effects and aims achieved with the usage of the textbook they chose. In the master's thesis, the currently approved textbooks for science and technology in the 4th grade of elementary school were analyzed. We wanted to determine whether the textbook materials are suitable concerning content and didactic. We also reviewed teachers' perspectives on teaching the topic of puberty in the 4th grade of elementary school. As a research tool in the descriptive method of empirical qualitative research, an in-depth semi-structured interview was used. The sample was target-selected and included twenty fourth-grade elementary school teachers from various environments and parts of Slovenia. The research showed that not all currently approved fourth-grade science and technology textbooks include puberty topics. The ones that include the topic, cover it briefly. The topic is supported by one or two pictures that complement the text. Some textbooks also include tasks on this topic. We found that teachers dedicate from two hours a year to ten hours a month to the topic. Most attention is paid to the physical changes that occur during this period, as well as emotional and behavioral changes. They emphasize understanding of these changes. When teaching this topic, working in groups or whole-class form is used as a teaching form. The teaching method used is usually conversation or explanation. Teachers’ opinions are that the textbooks used cover the topic much too scarcely although the content is professionally adequate. According to teachers’ opinion, the students are initially reserved to talk about the topic. After the discussion and explanation, however, they relax and participate because they are very interested in the topic. |
