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Magistrsko delo obravnava institut pridržka lastninske pravice kot sredstvo zavarovanja plačil. Za lažje razumevanje instituta so skozi delo zajeti in obrazloženi tudi pojmi, ki so s pridržkom lastninske pravice povezani, in sicer lastninska pravica, posest, anticipiran posestni konstitut, cesija, pričakovalna pravica, prodajna pogodba, stečaj in izvršba. Pridržek lastninske pravice predstavlja posebno pogodbeno klavzulo, s katero si prodajalec pridrži lastninsko pravico do celotnega plačila kupnine s strani kupca. Gre za obliko zavarovanja prodajalčevega položaja v primeru neizpolnitve kupčeve obveznosti. Posledica neplačila celotne kupnine s strani kupca namreč predstavlja upravičenje prodajalca, da s stvarnopravnim oziroma reivindikacijskim zahtevkom zahteva vrnitev stvari, ki jo je na podlagi prodajne pogodbe izročil kupcu. Pridržek lastninske pravice je namreč v funkciji zavarovanja upnika in ne dolžnika, kar pomeni, da je upnik tisti, ki ima pravico do izbire, ali zahteva izpolnitev obveznosti ali vrnitev stvari. Predmet lastninskega pridržka so lahko le premične stvari, pri nepremičninah pa se zavarovanje prodajalčeve terjatve zagotavlja z drugimi sredstvi, predvsem s hipoteko. Za dogovor pridržka lastninske pravice med pogodbenima strankama ni potrebna notarska oblika, dogovorjen je lahko pisno ali celo ustno. Za učinkovanje lastninskega pridržka nasproti kupčevim upnikom pa je predpisana strožja obličnost, in sicer oblika notarskega zapisa, vendar pa lahko okoliščina, da je bila prodajna pogodba, ki je vsebovala pridržek lastninske pravice, sklenjena brez notarske overitve določila, ki vsebuje pridržek lastninske pravice, vpliva le na veljavnost pridržka lastninske pravice, ne pa tudi na veljavnost pogodbenega razmerja med strankama, ki je bilo veljavno izpolnjeno. Zaradi neprimernosti in nezadostnega zavarovanja, ki ga daje klasični pridržek lastninske pravice, je poslovna praksa izoblikovala izvedene oblike pridržka lastninske pravice, ki imajo pomembno vlogo pri razvoju gospodarskega pogodbenega prava. Sem sodi podaljšani pridržek lastninske pravice, ki je rezultat razvoja avtonomnega gospodarskega prava in ima, kljub temu da v pravnih redih držav ni zakonsko urejen, pomembno mesto v blagovnem prometu. Predstavlja situacijo, kjer prodajalec kupcu proda in izroči premično stvar, s čimer kupec pridobi upravičenje do nadaljnjega razpolaganja s stvarjo, hkrati pa se zaveže, da bo na prodajalca prenesel terjatve, ki jih bo pridobil iz nadaljnje prodaje stvari tretjim. Naslednja izvedena oblika lastninskega pridržka, ki je odraz potreb poslovne prakse, je pridržek lastninske pravice s klavzulo o predelavi. Prodajalec v tem primeru proda in izroči premično stvar kupcu, ki jo predela. Prodajalec in kupec se s klavzulo o predelavi dogovorita, da si bosta na novi stvari delila solastninsko pravico v razmerju vrednosti surovin in proizvodnih stroškov, kar se opravi z anticipiranim posestnim konstitutom. vi Izvedeno obliko pridržka lastninske pravice predstavljata tudi razširjeni pridržek lastninske pravice in preneseni pridržek lastninske pravice, ki ima dve pojavni obliki, in sicer nadalje izgovorjeni pridržek in priključeni pridržek. Bistvo pridržka lastninske pravice se torej kaže v razmerju med prodajalcem in drugimi upniki kupca, kadar kupec še ni poravnal celotne kupnine, saj lahko prodajalec svojo pravico uveljavlja tudi v stečaju. Ker slovenska insolvenčna zakonodaja ne ureja položaja pogodbenih strank pri pridržku lastninske pravice, kadar se začne stečajni postopek nad prodajalcem ali kupcem, se v tem primeru uporabijo splošna pravila o vzajemno neizpolnjenih dvostranskih pogodbah. Zaradi pravne narave pridržka lastninske pravice, ki je sklenjen pod odložnim pogojem plačila celotne kupnine, preneha, ko kupec plača celotno kupnino. Subject of Master thesis is institute of reservation of property right as a means of securing payments. For better understanding there are explained terms, connected with institute of reservation of property right. These are possession, anticipated property constitution, cession, expectation right, contract of sale, bankruptcy and execution. Reservation of property right is contractual clause intended to protect/secure seller. It is about securing seller for case that buyer does not fulfill their obligations. When it comes to failure to fulfill the seller's obligations the seller has the right to demand returning object with a factual claim. Reservation of property is intended to insure the creditor instead of debtor. The right to choose fulfillment of obligations or return of objescts belong to creditor. The object of reservation of property right are exclusive movable properties. When it comes to securing/protecting real property there are different resources to insurance receivables of the seller, one of them is mortgage. If the parties want to accept the clause on the reservation of property rights they are not obliged by notarial. They can agree on it in written form or in oral form. When it come to creditors of the buyer the written form or oral form is not enaugh, it has to be notarial form. If the contract that contains the reservation of property right is not in proper form it can not affect on validity of the contactual relationship. It can only affect the validity of a clause of the reservation of property rights. Classical reservation of title offers insufficient insurance and is not suitable. Therefore, it has developed by business practice implemented forms of reservation of property right. Those implemented forms of reservation of property rights has an important role in the development of commercial contract law. One of those implemented forms is extended reservation of property right. It is the result of the development of autonomous commercial law. Despite the fact that it is not regulated in the legal systems of the countries it has an important place in commodity transport. It represents a situation in which seller seell and deliver the object. Based on those actions, the buyer acquires a right to dispose of the object. Buyer is committed to transfer the receivables which he receives from the resale to the seller. Moreover, the next implemented form is reservation of a property right with a processing clause, also developed by business practice. The seller sells and handles object to the buyer, which process the object. The processing clause is based on agrement of buyer and seller whit wich they agree to acquire co-ownership in the ratio between the value of raw materials and production costs, done by the anticipated property constitution. Implemented form of reservation of property is also extended reservation of property rights. It has two manifestations forms named further reserved reservation and attached reservation. viii The essence of a reservation of property right is reflected in the relationship between the seller and other creditors of the buyer when the buyer has not yet settled the entire purchase price. The seller can claim his right also in bankruptcy. While Slovenian insolvency law does not regulate the position of contracting parties when it comes to bankrupcy one of contracting party we use the general rules on mutually unfulfilled bilateral contracts. The reservation of property right as a result of its legal nature ceases when the buyer pays the entire purchase price. |
