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Even after six and a half decades since Indian Independence, Dalits (ex-untouchables and oppressed castes) continue to experience caste-based discrimination and social exclusion in social as well as economic life. This research examines the incorporation of Dalits into the business economy - how they enter the market as owners of businesses rather than as wage-workers. The research has three key objectives: first, to analyse the spatial and sectoral patterns and variation of Dalit’s incorporation; second, to explain factors and processes affecting their entry; and third, to analyse the implications of key social and economic policies on Dalits’ incorporation. This doctoral research project uses mixed methods, moves between different scales and deploys a wide range of evidence. The research estimates ‘indices of participation’ and produces a series of maps to show patterns and trajectories. It uses spatial econometric techniques to model quantifiable factors affecting Dalits’ entry. It relies on qualitative methods for individual case studies to unravel other factors and processes. Using Schaffer’s policy analysis framework, the research examines the politics of affirmative policies for Dalit businesses in the agenda-setting, the establishing of procedures and rules, and resource mobilisation. The study revealed that the trajectory of Dalits’ incorporation is uneven and the spatial patterns across several sectors and regions show persistent under-representation. Urbanisation is the most significant predictor of Dalits’ incorporation. Dalits’ entry into the business is conditioned by the interactions of opportunities and resources and by the barriers created by subtle forms of exclusionary and discriminatory practices inherent in social structures, market institutions and the state. The study also found that the politics of patronage, of bureaucratic inefficiency, underinvestment and procrastination, and of domination of the business interests of higher castes are mutually reinforcing. This research has clear policy significance from the perspectives of equity and inclusiveness in the business economy. |
