Banquet Meals and Tableware, As Seen in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Japan (Special Issue : Food)

Autor: NAKAI, Atsushi
Jazyk: japonština
Rok vydání: 2023
Předmět:
Zdroj: 史林. 106(1):73-106
ISSN: 0386-9369
Popis: 古代・中世の土器・陶磁器研究で提唱された三つの土器様式は、これまで律令体制の成立や展開、弛緩といった国家的・政治的な文脈と関連づけて意義が論じられてきた。本稿は古代的な土器様式の弛緩や解体とされた中世について、食文化の観点から再評価を試みた。一五・一六世紀の饗宴に関する史料を検討した結果、儀礼的な食事の場における食器は大量の土師器皿と木具であったこと、武家の饗宴では土師器皿が多用されたのに対し、寺院では木漆器椀や天目茶碗、建盞が比較的よく使用されたことが明らかになった。武家や寺院が土師器皿や木具を主体としてそれぞれ固有の食器様式を持ち、身分階層や目的に応じて使いわけていた。古代の食器にみられた身分表象機能は中世には確認できず、それはむしろ膳の数や食事場所にあらわれた。中国製陶磁器が多い実態との整合的説明は課題であるが、本稿の成果は中世の土器・陶磁器の機能・用途の解明に寄与し得るものである。
One of the approaches to food culture in Japanese archaeology is to understand the style of shokki 食器 employed. Three styles of tableware have been proposed as objects of study in research on pottery and ceramics from ancient through medieval times. Although discussion on the establishment of these styles has produced significant results, allowing us to grasp the development, characteristics, commonalities and regional peculiarities associated with each era, discussion on the background of styles of tableware has been mainly evaluated in the context of political history, such as the establishment or modification of the Ritsuryō system. Little regard has been given to the perspective of food culture suggested by the composition of the tableware, which one might expect to have been the fundamental premise in the study of the style of tableware, especially in the discussion about the style of tableware in the medieval period. This paper attempts to reevaluate the medieval period, which has been regarded as the time of relaxation and dissolution of ancient tableware style from the perspective of food culture. This paper focuses on records of banquets as the main source for considering medieval meals and tableware. In medieval society, banquets often accompanied various annual events. As a result of examining kojitsusho 故実書, books documenting proper behavior, of the Muromachi Shogunate and records related to the rituals of Zen Buddhist temples in the 15th and 16th centuries, it has become clear that the tableware used for ceremonial meals consisted of a large number of Haji-ware 土師器 dishes as well as wooden wares 木具, and these were sometimes enhanced with paper decorations. The division of roles was clear with the influence of Chinese culture seen in the food and room decoration while traditional domestic utensils were used as the tableware at banquets. The tableware for a banquet in warrior society was almost limited to these types. However in the temple society of Buddhist priests, unlike warrior society, wooden lacquerware and some Chinese ceramics such as Tenmoku 天目 and Kensan 建盞 varieties were often used for rituals and banquets. The diary of a Buddhist priest from the 16th century reveals that these utensils were a central feature of his daily meals. Both warrior society and temple society had their own unique style of tableware, but mainly used Haji-ware dishes and wooden wares according to their internal hierarchy and purpose. One of the most significant differences between ancient and medieval styles of tableware is that ancient tableware represented social status and hierarchy, whereas this cannot be confirmed in medieval tableware. In medieval banquets, social status was not expressed in tableware, but in the number of menu items and the seating order in banquet rooms. Many Chinese ceramics have been excavated from medieval sites all over Japan, and this fact shows a discrepancy with the style of tableware used at banquets as seen in historical documents. Although explanations consistent with archaeological phenomena need further consideration, the results of this paper are significant in that they reconsider the style of tableware that has mainly been described in the context of political history and they pave the way for further elucidation of the function and application of medieval pottery and ceramics that have hitherto lagged.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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