Maternal and Paternal Risk Factors for Cryptorchidism and Hypospadias: A Case–Control Study in Newborn Boys
| Autor: | Rikard E. Juttmann, James A. Deddens, Rob F. A. Weber, Frank H. Pierik, Alex Burdorf |
|---|---|
| Přispěvatelé: | Public Health, Internal Medicine, TNO Bouw |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2004 |
| Předmět: |
Male
Pediatrics Turkey Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis Denmark Health Status Urban Development Risk Factors Odds Ratio Built Environment endocrine disruptor Smoking Articles nutrition Premature birth Maternal Exposure Health Infant Small for Gestational Age Paternal Exposure Children's Health Educational Status Premature Birth Female epidemiology cryptorchidism environment Perspectives Adult medicine.medical_specialty testis children Correspondence medicine Humans Risk factor Pesticides hypospadias Life Style Pregnancy business.industry Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Case-control study Infant Newborn Odds ratio occupational exposure medicine.disease Diet Hypospadias Case-Control Studies Multivariate Analysis Small for gestational age business |
| Zdroj: | Environmental Health Perspectives Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 1570-1576. Public Health Services, US Dept of Health and Human Services Environmental Health Perspectives, 15, 112, 1570-1576 |
| ISSN: | 1552-9924 0091-6765 |
| Popis: | Little is known on environmental risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias, which are among the most frequent congenital abnormalities. The aim of our study was to identify risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias, with a focus on potential endocrine disruptors in parental diet and occupation. In a case–control study nested within a cohort of 8,698 male births, we compared 78 cryptorchidism cases and 56 hypospadias cases with 313 controls. The participation rate was 85% for cases and 68% for controls. Through interviews, information was collected on pregnancy aspects and personal characteristics, lifestyle, occupation, and dietary phytoestrogen intake of both parents. Occupational exposure to potential endocrine disruptors was classified based on self-reported exposure and ratings of occupational hygienists based on job descriptions. Our findings indicate that paternal pesticide exposure was associated with cryptorchidism [odds ratio (OR) = 3.8; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.1–13.4]. Smoking of the father was associated with hypospadias (OR = 3.8; 95% CI, 1.8–8.2). Maternal occupational, dietary, and lifestyle exposures were not associated with either abnormality. Both abnormalities were associated with suboptimal maternal health, a lower maternal education, and a Turkish origin of the parents. Being small for gestational age was a risk factor for hypospadias, and preterm birth was a risk factor for cryptorchidism. Because paternal pesticide exposure was significantly associated with cryptorchidism and paternal smoking was associated with hypospadias in male offspring, paternal exposure should be included in further studies on cryptorchidism and hypospadias risk factors. Key words: children, cryptorchidism, endocrine disruptor, environment, epidemiology, hypospadias, nutrition, occupational exposure, testis. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
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