Modeling Healthy Anatomy with Artificial Intelligence for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection in Brain MRI
| Autor: | Nassir Navab, Benedikt Wiestler, Christoph Baur, Shadi Albarqouni, Claus Zimmer, Mark Muehlau |
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| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
Technical Development business.industry Pattern recognition medicine.disease Autoencoder Brain anatomy Text mining Artificial Intelligence Brain mri Medicine Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging Anomaly detection Artificial intelligence Mr images business Glioblastoma |
| Zdroj: | Radiol Artif Intell |
| ISSN: | 2638-6100 |
| Popis: | PURPOSE: To develop an unsupervised deep learning model on MR images of normal brain anatomy to automatically detect deviations indicative of pathologic states on abnormal MR images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, spatial autoencoders with skip-connections (which can learn to compress and reconstruct data) were leveraged to learn the normal variability of the brain from MR scans of healthy individuals. A total of 100 normal, in-house MR scans were used for training. Subsequently, as the model was unable to reconstruct anomalies well, this characteristic was exploited for detecting and delineating various diseases by computing the difference between the input data and their reconstruction. The unsupervised model was compared with a supervised U-Net– and threshold-based classifier trained on data from 50 patients with multiple sclerosis (in-house dataset) and 50 patients from The Cancer Imaging Archive. Both the unsupervised and supervised U-Net models were tested on five different datasets containing MR images of microangiopathy, glioblastoma, and multiple sclerosis. Precision-recall statistics and derivations thereof (mean area under the precision-recall curve, Dice score) were used to quantify lesion detection and segmentation performance. RESULTS: The unsupervised approach outperformed the naive thresholding approach in lesion detection (mean F1 scores ranging from 17% to 62% vs 6.4% to 15% across the five different datasets) and performed similarly to the supervised U-Net (20%–64%) across a variety of pathologic conditions. This outperformance was mostly driven by improved precision compared with the thresholding approach (mean precisions, 15%–59% vs 3.4%–10%). The model was also developed to create an anomaly heatmap display. CONCLUSION: The unsupervised deep learning model was able to automatically detect anomalies on brain MR images with high performance. Supplemental material is available for this article. Keywords: Brain/Brain Stem Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Experimental Investigations, Head/Neck, MR-Imaging, Quantification, Segmentation, Stacked Auto-Encoders, Technology Assessment, Tissue Characterization © RSNA, 2021 |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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